University of Manchester who first introduced Problem based learning(PBL)to the UK medical education,and adopted this new curriculum in 1994.Notably,Cambridge and Oxford have always had a high proportion of student-centred and self-directed learning,and have therefore not introduced PBL.Other medical schools have followed the example of Manchester,now PBL has become the mainstream curriculum in British medical edacation.First,this article is going to introduce how PBL curriculum is structured at Manchester medical school,and then reflect and give some thoughts on its current practice.

Background Choroidal melanoma(CM)is a common form of primary ocular cancer in adults.It is reported that indomethacin has inhibitory effect on many tumor in vitro and in vivo,but whether it can inhibit the growth of CM has not been published. Objective This study was to investigate the anti-tumor activity of indomethacin on the growth of human CM OCM-1 cell xenografts in nude mice. Methods OCM-1 cells were subcutaneously implanted on 24 SPF female BALB/C.nu/nu nude mice to establish ectopic models of human CM.The nude mice with the tumor 5 mm were randomly divided into 4 groups:untreated group,normal saline solution(NS) group,indomethacin 1 ms/kg group,indomethacin 2 ms/kg group.The 1 mS/kg or 2 ms/kg indomethacin was intraperitoneally injected for 14 consecutive days in indomethacin 1 ms/kg group and indomethacin 2 me/kg group respectively.and 0.2 ml of 2%NS-DMSO was used at a same way in the NS group.No any agent was used as the untreated group.The volume and weight of implanted tumor as well as inhibitory rates of indomethaein on tumor were calculated.The expression of ki67 and survivin proteins were measured with immunohistochemistry,and the expression of survivin mRNA in CM was assessed by RT-PCR. ResuIts The tumor of indomethacin treatment group was reduced in volume and weight with a significant difference between treatment group and control group as well as indomethacin 1 ms/ks group and indomethacin 2 ms/kg group(P＜0.05).The inhibitory rate of indomethacin 1 ms/kg and 2 ms/kg for tumor was 22.86%,48.00%respectively.The prolifiration index (PI)of ki67 in these 4 groups were (76.73±3.34)%,(73.30±2.95)%,(55.97±2.24)%,(32.87±2.91)%respectively,and significant difference was found in PI between indomethacin 2 mg/kg group and untreated group or NS group(P＜0.05),but there was not significant difference between indomethacin 1 mg/kg and 2 ms/kg group(P＞0.05).Compared with the control group,the indomethacin treatment groups showed the decreased expression of survivin protein and mRNA,and significant difference was found between indomethaein 2 ms/kg group and untreated group or NS group(P＜0.05),however,no significant difference was found between indomethacin 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg group(P＞0.05). Conclusion Indomethacin inhibits the growth of CM in nude mice through inhibiting the expression of survivin in the tumor and accelerating cell apoptosis and inhibiting tumor cell proliferation.

HK-2 cells were cultured with various concentrations of glucose and insulin for 12,24,48,72 h.Transforming growth factor-?_1(TGF-?_1) protein in supematant was measured by ELISA,while TGF-?_1 mRNA expression was assessed by RT-PCR.Data showed that high concentration of glucose and insulin up-regulated the expression of TGF-?_1 in HK-2 cells through different pathways.

Objective To investigate the expression in the VEGF,TGF-?1 of cervical squamous car- cinoma infected by HPV16,18.Methods Cells exfoliated from cervix(collected by clinician)of 99 women with cervical cancer and 54 women as a control group were analyzed blindly by human papillomavirus type 16 and 18 Fluorescent Polymerase Reaction Diagnositic kit.The expression of VEGF,TGF-?1 of the positive HPV16,18 of 38 women with cervical squamous cancer were studied by immunohistochemical stain.Results The positive expression of HPV16,18 was observed in 53 in the case of cervical cancer with positive rates of 54 %,but the positive rates was 7 % in the control group(P

Abstract: Objective　To analyze the distribution and drug resistance evolution characteristics of pathogenic bacteria of bloodstream infection in nine tertiary hospitals in Yunnan Province from 2017 to 2021, so as to provide reliable basis for rational selection of antibiotics in clinic. Methods Using the drug sensitive paper method or instrument method, the bacteria identification and drug sensitivity test were carried out in nine tertiary hospitals in different regions according to the unified technical scheme. The results were judged according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoint standard in 2021, and use WHONET5.6 for data statistical analysis. Results A total of 12 003 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated from bloodstream infection samples in the past five years, including 7 442 strains of Gram-negative bacteria (62.0%) and 4562 strains of Gram-positive bacteria (38.0%), with an increasing trend in the number of isolated strains; of these, 163 strains (1.4%) were isolated from outpatients and 11 840 strains (98.6%) were isolated from inpatients. The top three gram-negative bacteria were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii, of which 309 strains (4.2%) were carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-KPN), 29 strains (0.4%) carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli and 19 strains (0.3%) carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae, and the number of CR-KPN was on the rise year by year. The top three Gram-positive bacteria were coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium, of which methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was detected for 213 strains, accounting for 27.7%, and decreased from 40.0% in 2017 to 23.4% in 2021, showing a downward trend year by year. No vancomycin-resistant staphylococci and enterococci were found. Conclusions The detection and composition of bloodstream infection pathogenic bacteria in multicenter have not changed much in the past five years, but each hospital has its own characteristics. The number of carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae increased year by year, which should be paid more attention.

Objective:To establish a rat model of diabetic microangiopathopathy and simulate the biochemical and pathological changes of diabetic retinal and renal microangiopathopathy.Methods:Forty healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into blank group and model group (10 and 30 rats, respectively). After the rats in blank group and model group were fed ordinary diet and high-fat and high-sugar diet for 5 weeks, respectively, the rats in model group were injected with 1% streptozotocin (STZ) through the abdominal cavity at the dose of 35 mg/kg to establish a type 2 diabetes model. After modeling, the rats were continuously fed until the 10th week (4 weeks after modeling), the general conditions of the rats were observed, and samples were collected for follow-up experiments. Serum creatinine (CREA), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), microalbuminuria, urinary creatinine (UCr) and urine sugar were detected. Calculate the kidney index and microalbumin/urinary creatinine ratio (UACR). Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was used to observe the vascular changes and non-perfusion area of retinal superficial capillary plexus. The morphological and structural changes of kidney and retina were observed by hematoxylin-eosin and periodate Scheff staining. The expression of nerve fibers and nucleus of Müller cells in rat retina was observed by immunofluorescence staining. Ultrastructural results of retina were observed by transmission electron microscope. Independent sample t test was used for comparison between groups. Results:Four weeks after modeling, compared with blank group, the body weight of rats in model group was significantly decreased, and random glucose was significantly increased, with statistical significance ( t=5.755, -51.291; P<0.05). Renal index, urinary glucose and UACR were significantly increased, while UCr was significantly decreased, with statistical significance ( t=10.878, 137.273, 3.482,-6.110; P<0.05). CREA decreased, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C increased, and the differences were statistically significant ( t=-28.012, 33.018, 118.018, 13.585, 16.480; P<0.05). OCTA examination showed that there was no perfusion area of shallow retinal capillaries. The optical microscope showed that the inner boundary membrane of retina in model group was swollen and thickened, the surface was uneven, the inner and outer nuclear layer cells were disordered and the density decreased. Glomerular congestion was accompanied by cortical tubular epithelial swelling, widening of the mesangial area, and thickening of the basement membrane. The results of immunostaining showed that the inner and outer plexiform layers of the retina showed lamellar strong green fluorescence expression, and the inner and outer nuclear layers showed scattered dot green fluorescence expression. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the basal membrane of retinal microvessels in model group was slightly thickened, vascular endothelial cells edema, endothelial nucleus and perinucleus contraction, nuclear membrane contraction, mild mitochondrial swelling, vacuolation. Conclusion:High-glucose and high-fat feeding plus a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ 35 mg/kg can successfully establish a microangiopathic model of type 2 diabetes.

Objective To explore the association between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and metabolic syndrome (MS) . Method The data were from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) . The data included the physical measurement and biochemical markers of adults of CHNS in 2009. Finally, 7309 individual observations were included in the analysis. Results According to the criteria of MS, 2034 patients were diagnosed as MS, and the prevalence was 27.83%. There were 1508 (74.14%) patients had moderate reduced eGFR in MS patients, and 3357 individuals (63.64%) were diagnosed as moderate reduced eGFR in non-MS patients. There was significant difference between two groups (X2=72.13, P<0.001) . The incident of moderate reduced eGFR was positively associated with fasting plasma glucose (OR=1.22, 95%CI: 1.06-1.42, P=0.005), triglyceride (OR=1.21, 95%CI: 1.05-1.38, P=0.005) and negatively associated with HDL-C (OR=1.23, 95% CI: 1.06-1.41, P=0.004) . Conclusion The MS and its components might be the influencing factors of developing moderate reduced eGFR, and the screening should be focused on the population with MS.

0.05).Moreover,the growth curves of the two kinds of cells were similar.Con- clusions The cell growth properties of cultured transplanted rabbit SMG are similar to that of normal SMG,the cytobiological charac- teristic of transplanted autologous free rabbit SMG are not changed evidently.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the protective effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin (GSP) on spermatogenesis following testicular torsion/detorsion in mice.

METHODSTwenty-four healthy male Kunming mice, aged 8 weeks and weighing 25 - 27 g, were randomly divided into a control, a torsion and a treatment group, each containing 8 animals. The unilateral testicular torsion/detorsion model was established in the treatment and torsion groups. Thirty minutes before detorsion, the animals of the treatment group were injected intraperitoneally with 50 mg/kg GSP, and those of the torsion group with normal saline at the same dose, both for 3 days postoperatively. On the 4th day after surgery, ipsilateral orchiectomy were performed to detect histopathological changes, the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and the apoptotic index (AI) of germ cells in all the mice.

RESULTSCompared with the torsion group, the treated mice showed significantly increased Johnsen score (5.00 +/- 1.85 vs 7.38 +/- 0.92, P < 0.05), seminiferous tubule diameter ([176.50 +/- 1.60]microm vs [178.75 +/- 1.58] microm, P > 0.05), spermatogenic cell layers (3.75 +/- 1.03 vs 5.75 +/- 0.71, P < 0.05) and SOD activity ([29.04 +/- 4.46] U/mg prot vs [52.67 +/- 3.57] U/mg prot, P < 0.05), but remarkably reduced level of MDA ([4.63 +/- 0.05] nmol/mg prot vs [2.91 +/- 0.04] nmol/mg prot, P < 0.05) and AI of germ cells ([40.50 +/- 1.60]% vs [16.25 +/- 1.67] %, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONGrape seed proanthocyanidin has a protective effect against spermatogenic injury in mice, the mechanisms of which may be related to its actions of scavenging oxygen free radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation and improving the antioxidant ability of the body.

Animals ; Grape Seed Extract ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Proanthocyanidins ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Spermatic Cord Torsion ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Spermatogenesis ; drug effects ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Vitis

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of interferon -alpha1b (IFN-alpha1b) on hepatic intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and serum HBV DNA in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

METHODSBefore and 6 months after IFN-alpha1b treatment, liver biopsy was performed in patients with chronic hepatitis B to detect the expression of ICAM-1 in the liver tissues using immunohistochemistry. Serum HBV load was detected with real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTCAM-1 expression in the liver tissue was significantly down-regulated after IFN treatment in patients with severe and moderate chronic hepatitis B (P<0.05). No significant variation was noted in the expression of ICAM-1 in the livers of patients with mild chronic hepatitis B after the treatment (P>0.05). In the patients weakly positive for ICAM-1 expression (+), serum HBV DNA varied scarcely after the treatment (P>0.05), while in the patients with strong ICAM-1 positivity (++, +++, or ++++), significant variation of serum HBV DNA occurred after the treatment (P<0.05 or P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe therapeutic effect of IFN-alpha1b is associated with the expression of ICAM-1 in the hepatocytes, and its expression might enhance the effects of IFN on HBV DNA in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Adolescent ; Adult ; DNA, Viral ; blood ; Female ; Hepatitis B virus ; drug effects ; genetics ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; blood ; drug therapy ; virology ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; biosynthesis ; Interferon-alpha ; therapeutic use ; Liver ; drug effects ; metabolism ; virology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Viral Load ; Young Adult