Objective To establish a method for determination of trace lead in drinking water by intermittent flow HG-AFS was developed. Methods The conditions for K3Fe(CN)6-KBH4-HCl system of generation of PbH4 were optimized and interference of coexisting ions were tested. Results The fluorescence signal of blank solution was decreased evidently by treating K3Fe(CN)6 with activated carbon and the detection limit was effectively improved. The interference of coexisting ions could be suppressed in some degrees in the presence of K3[Fe(CN)6]. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limit of this method was 0.10 ?g/L and RSD(n=6) was in the rang 0.4%-3.8%. The recovery rate was 95.0%-112.0%. Conclusion This method was accurate, simple, sensitive and suitable for determination of trace lead in drinking water.

OBJECTIVETo compare the differences in the efficacy on speech and swallowing dysfunction of medulla oblongata palsy (MOP) after brainstem infarction between electroacupuncture at eight-neck-occiput points and routine acupoints.

METHODSSeventy-two patients were randomized into a neck-occiput points group and a meridian points group, 36 cases in each one. In the neck-occiput points group, the eight-neck-occiput points (Neck 1-4 points, Occiput 1-4 points) were selected. In the meridian points group, Lianquan (CV 23), Futu (LI 18), Tongli (HT 5), Hegu (LI 4) and the others were selected. Electroacupuncture was used in the two groups, dense-dispersion wave, retaining for 30 min. The treatment was given once a day, 5 treatments a week. Totally, 4 weeks were required. The symptom scores of speech and swallowing dysfunction were observed before and after treatment in the two groups. The efficacy was compared between the two groups.

RESULTSThe scores of speech and swallowing dysfunction were improved significantly after treatment in the two groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The results in the neck-occiput points group were better than those in the meridian points group (both P < 0.01). The curative rate of speech dysfunction was 30.6% (11/36) and that of swallowing dysfunction was 22.2% (8/ 36) in the neck-occiput points group, which were better than 11.1% (4/36) and 5.6% (2/36) in the meridian points group, respectively. The differences were significant in comparison of the two groups (P < 0.01, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONElectroacupuncture at eight-neck-occiput points achieves a better efficacy on speech and swallowing dysfunction of MOP after brainstem infarction as compared with the routine acupoints. This therapy is characterized as more accurate point localization and safer operation.

Acupuncture Points ; Adult ; Aged ; Brain Stem Infarctions ; complications ; Bulbar Palsy, Progressive ; etiology ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Deglutition ; Electroacupuncture ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Medulla Oblongata ; physiopathology ; Middle Aged

Objective To analyze hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection stage in single nucleic acid test(NAT)reactive blood donors.Methods Blood donor samples were screened routinely for HBV DNA by using transcription-mediated amplification(TMA) NAT and quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PCR).Then serum markers of HBV were also detected.The HBV infection stage was analyzed.Results Among the 225 single NAT reactive samples,78(34.67%) were identified to be reactive for HBV DNA by TMA NAT discrimination test and/or PCR test,of which 63(82.89%) were occult HBV infection(OBI),13(17.11%) were probably window period infection(pWP),and 2 cases could not be classified for infection stage.Among the OBI samples,49 samples(77.78%) were with HBV DNA concentration less than 20 IU/mL,whereas,there were only 4 samples(30.77%) in pWP samples.The 225 samples were classified into three groups according to the S/CO of NAT, including 1-<6 group,6-<10 group and 10-17 group, the confirmed HBV DNA positive rates of which were 13.11%,13.64% and 47.18%,and the positive rate of 10-17 group was higher than 1-<6 group and 6-<10 group(P<0.05).In all 63 OBI samples,there were 8(12.70%),3(4.76%) and 52(82.54%) samples were classified into S/CO 1-<6,6-<10 and 10-17,respectively.All of the 13 pWP samples were with NAT S/CO of 10-17.Conclusion Part of single NAT reactive blood donors could be with HBV infection,of which OBI might be popular than pWP, with very low concentration of HBV DNA.Deferral of single NAT reactive blood donors could reduce transfusion-transmitted HBV infection.

Objective To explore the evaluation value of modified USA National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (mNIHSS) score combined with bedside transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) on the early prognosis of ischemic stroke (AIS).Methods One hundred and thirty-six anterior circulation AIS patients were collected,mNIHSS score was evaluated on admission,and emergency bedside TCD examination was performed to evaluate vascular anomalies.After active treatment after discharge,the modified Rankin scale (mRS) score was recorded to evaluate 90 d prognosis.The value of mNIHSS score combined with TCD examination analysis on the prognosis was analyzed.Results If the mNIHSS score ＞ 8 scores was judged to be poor prognosis,the sensitivity was 0.684,the specificity was 0.806,the positive predictive value was 0.578,the negative predictive value was 0.868.If related macro vascular abnormalities in bedside TCD examination were evaluated for clinical prognosis,the sensitivity was 0.736,the specificity was 0.643,the positive predictive value was 0.444,the negative predictive value was 0.863.If both,the specificity was 0.918,the positive predictive value was 0.714,the positive likelihood ratio was 6.41 ;and the two were not available,the negative predictive value was 0.928,negative likelihood ratio was 0.20.Conclusion mNIHSS score combined with TCD examination in evaluating the prognosis of AIS patients can improve the positive or negative predictive value.

Objective To observe the regularities of distribution of TCM syndrome types and correlation between TCM syndrome types and cardiovascular prognosis risk factors of elderly hypertensive patients in three different urban and rural communities.Methods Totally 299 elderly hypertensive patients who conformed to the hypertensive diagnostic criteria from 896 respondents which participated in the health monitoring questionnaire drafted by health management team of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences were screened. The syndrome types were differentiated according to Guiding Principle of Clinical Research on New Drugs of Traditional Chinese Medicine (for Trial Implementation). The levels of some risk indicators, such as blood glucose, blood lipid, CREA, ET, Hcy and mALB were measured by radioimmunoassay, enzymatic cycling assay and other methods. Age, gender, BMI and pulse pressure were recorded.Results The TCM syndrome types of 299 elderly hypertensive patients were deficiency of yin and yang type (74 cases), hyperactivity of yang due to yin deficiency type (65 cases), blood stasis syndrome type (62 cases), stagnation of phlegm-dampness type (61 cases), hyperactivity of liver-fire type (37 cases). Single factor analysis showed that there existed statistical significance among BMI, FBG, GHbA1c, CREA, TC, LDL-C, ET, Hcy and mALB in the 5 TCM syndromes (P<0.05,P<0.01), and the statistical significance was more apparent in the stagnation of phlegm-dampness type, blood stasis syndrome type and hyperactivity of yang due to yin deficiency type. Discriminant analysis showed BMI and Hcy have certain reference value for the diagnosis of TCM syndrome types in elderly hypertensive patients. Binary-Logistic regression analysis showed that the course of disease had a positive correlation with syndrome of deficiency of yin and yang.Conclusion Compared with other types of elderly hepertensive patients, stagnation of phlegm-dampness type and blood stasis syndrome type are more closely related to hypertension cardiovascular prognosis risk factors.

This systematic review was aimed to evaluation the effectiveness and safety of supplementingqi and activating blood circulation prescriptions in the treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke. Dtabases both at home and abroad were electronically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on supplementingqi and activating blood circulation prescriptions in the treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke. And meta-analyses were performed using RevMan 5.0 software. The results showed that 27 studies were included, which contained 2 908 cases. There were 1 490 cases in the treatment group, and 1 418 cases in the control group. The results of meta-analyses indicated that supplementingqi and activating blood circulation prescriptions combined with routine treatment of modern medicine had significant differences in the effective rate for cerebral ischemic stroke compared with the single using of routine treatment of modern medicine with significant difference (OR = 5.39, 95%CI (4.03, 7.22),P < 0.000 01). The treatment of supplementingqi and activating blood circulation prescriptions combined with routine treatment of modern medicine had better treatment effect on neurological function defects for cerebral ischemic stroke compared with the single using of routine treatment of modern medicine with significant difference (WMD = -2.99, 95%CI (-3.26, -2.72),P < 0.000 01). In addition, the treatment of supplementingqi and activating blood circulation prescriptions combined with routine treatment of modern medicine had better treatment effect on improving the activity of daily living (WMD = 9.65, 95%CI (8.36, 10.93),P < 0.000 01). Adverse reaction and event was mild in 2 included research reports. It was concluded that the treatment of supplementingqi and activating blood circulation prescription or it combined with routine treatment in modern medicine was quite effective in the treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke by the existed limited evidences. It can also improve the nerve dysfunction and the ability of daily living. Due to the limited quantity of the included studies and the evidence with limited strength, further high-quality RCTs were needed to verify the forementioned conclusion.

Objective To evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine on the activity of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and c-fos in the spinal dorsal horn in a rat model of neuropathic pain.Methods Fifty-four adult male Wistar rats,aged 6-8 weeks,weighing 180-220 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =18 each):sham operation group (group S),chronic neuropathic pain group (group C) and dexmedetomidine group (group D).The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 10％ chloral hydrate 350 mg/kg.The sciatic nerve was exposed and 4 ligatures were placed on the right sciatic nerve at 1 mm intervals with 4-0 silk thread in C and D groups.In group D,dexmedetomidine 50 μg/kg was injected intraperitoneally once a day starting from the end of operation until 1 day before the animals were sacrificed,while the equal volme of normal saline was injected instead of dexmedetomidine in S and C groups.Paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation with yon Frey filament (MWT) and paw withdrawal latency to thermal stimulation (TWL) were measured on 1 day before operation and 3,7 and 14 days after operation.The animals were sacrificed after measurement of MWT and TWL.Their lumbar segments (L4-6) of the spinal cord were removed for measurement of the expression of phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) and c-fos by immunohistochemistry.Results Compared with group S,MWT was significantly decreased,TWL was shortened,and the expression of pCREB and c-fos was up-regulated on 3,7 and 14 days after operation in C and D groups (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group C,MWT was significantly increased,TWL was prolonged,and the expression of pCREB and c-fos was down-regulated on 3,7 and 14 days after operation in group D (P ＜ 0.05).MWT was significantly lower,and TWL was shorter on 3,7 and 14 days after operation than on 1 day before operation in C and D groups (P ＜ 0.05).MWT was significantly lower,TWL was shorter,and the expression of pCREB and c-fos was higher on 7 and 14 days after operation than on 3 days after operation in C and D groups (P ＜ 0.05).MWT was significantly higher,TWL was longer,and the expression of pCREB and c-fos was lower on 14 days after operation than on 7 days after operation in C and D groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which dexmedetomidine reduces neuropathic pain is related to inhibition of the activity of CREB and c-fos in the spinal dorsal horn of rats.

Objective To investigate the effects of Sulfotanshinone Sodium Injection (SSI) on neuropathic pain in rats.Methods One hundred and eight adult male Wistar rats,aged 6-8 weeks,weighing 180-220 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =36 each):sham operation group (group S) ; chronic constrictive injury (CCI)group; group SSI.The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 10% chloral hydrate 350 mg/kg.In groups CCI and SSI,4 ligatures were placed on the right sciatic nerve at 1 mm intervals with 4-0 silk thread according to the method described by Bennett et al.In group S,the right sciatic nerves were exposed,but not ligated.In group SSI,SSI 25 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally once a day starting from the end of operation until one day before the animals were sacrificed,while the rats received the equal volume of normal saline (5 ml/kg) instead of SSI in groups S and CCI.Twelve animals in each group were chosen at 1 day before operation and 3,7 and 14 days after CCI (T1-4) to measure mechanical paw withdrawal threshold to yon Frey stimuli (MWT) and paw withdrawal latency to thermal nociceptive stimulus (TWL).Six rats in each group were sacrificed at T2-4 after measurement of pain threshold,and their lumbar segnents (L4-6) of the spinal cord were immediately removed for determination of Bcl2 and caspase-3 expression in spinal dorsal horn (by immune-histochemistry),and MDA content and SOD activity (by spectrophotometry) in spinal cord.Results Compared with group S,PWT was significantly decreased,PWL was shortened,the expression of Bcl-2 and caspase-3 was up-regulated,MDA content was increased and SOD activity was decreased at T2-4 in groups CCI and SSI (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group CNP,PWT was significantly increased,PWL was prolonged,the expression of Bcl-2 was up-regulated,the expression of caspase-3 was downregulated,MDA content was decreased and SOD activity was increased at T2-4 in group SSI (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion SSI can mitigate neuropathic pain in rats and inhibition of oxidative stress in spinal cord tissues and reduction of apoptosis in spinal dorsal horn neurons are involved in the mechanism.

Objective To evaluate the effects of propofol combined with resveratrol on hepatic ischemiareperfusion (I/R) injury in rats.Methods One hundred and eight male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 6-7 weeks,weighing 220-270 g,were randomly divided into 6 groups (n =18 each):sham operation group (group S) ; I/R group; solvent group (group TW-80) ; propofol group (group P) ; resveratrol group (group R) ; propofol combined with resveratrol group (group P + R).The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 10 ％ chloral hydrate 3.5-4.0 ml/kg.Liver ischemia was produced by clamping the first hepatic portal for 30 min,followed by 12 h reperfusion.In group P,propofol was infused intravenously at 10 mg· kg-1 ·h-1 starting from 10 min before ischemia until the end of operation.In group R,resveratrol 10 mg/kg was injected intravenously at 10 min before ischemia.In group P + R,resveratrol 10 mg/kg was injected intravenously and then propofol was infused intravenously at 10 mg· kg-1· h-1 starting from 10 min before ischemia until the end of operation.The equal volume of normal saline was given instead in groups S and I/R,and the equal volume of TW-80 was given instead in group TW-80.Six rats in each group were chosen at 3,6 and 12 h of reperfusion and blood samples were taken from the superior and inferior vena cava for measurement of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) activities.The rats were then sacrificed and livers were removed for microscopic examination and for determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities,inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression,and malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) contents in liver tissues.Results Compared with group S,the serum ALT and AST activities,and MDA and NO contents,MPO activity and iNOS expression in liver tissues were significantly increased,and the activities of SOD were decreased in the other four groups (P ＜0.05).Compared with group I/R,the serum ALT and AST activities,and MDA and NO contents,MPO activity and iNOS expression in liver tissues were significantly decreased,and the activities of SOD were increased in groups P,R and P + R (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with groups P and R,SOD activity was significantly increased,and the other parameters were decreased in group P + R (P ＜ 0.05).The pathological changes were significantly attenuated in groups P,R and P + R compared with group I/R.Conclusion Pretreatment with propofol and resveratrol can attenuate hepatic I/R injury in rats by increasing antioxidation and inhibiting lipid peroxidation and reducing production of endogenous NO,and the combination of the two agents provides better efficacy than etheir alone.

Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetornidine on the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in the spinal cord in rats with neuropathic pain (NP).Methods One hundred and eight male Wistar rats,aged 6-8 weeks,weighing 180-220 g,were randomly assigned into 3 groups (n =36 each):sham operation group (group S),NP group and dexmedetomidine group (group D).NP was induced by chronic constrictive injury in anesthetized rats.Sciatic nerve was exposed and 4 loose ligatures were placed on the sciatic nerve at 1 mm intervals with 4-0 silk thread.In group S,the right sciatic nerves were exposed,but not ligated.Dexmedetomidine 50 μg/kg was injected intraperitoneally once a day from the onset of operation to one day before the rats were sacrificed in group D,while the equal volume of normal saline was injected in groups S and NP.Mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal pain threshold (TPT) were measured on the day before operation (T0) and 3,7,and 14 days after operation (T1-3).After measurement of pain threshold at T1,T2 and T3 after operation,the L4-6 segments of the spinal cord were removed for determination of the expres-sion of TLR4 and NF-κB mRNA (by RT-PCR) and the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB in spinal dorsal horn (by immuno-histochemistry).Results Compared with group S,MWT and TPT were significantly decreased and the expression of TLR4,NF-κB and TLR4 and NF-κB mRNA was up-regulated after operation in groups NP and D (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group NP,TPT and MWT were significantly increased and the expression of TLR4,NF-κB,TLR4 mRNA and NF-κB mRNA was significantly down-regulated after operation in group D (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which dexmedetomidine attenuates NP in rats is related to inhibition of the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB in rat spinal cord.