Aim To investigate the effects of harpagide on cerebral ischemia and the mitochondria mediated Caspase dependent apoptotic signaling pathway in mice.Methods The MCAO was employed to establish MCAO model.When the models were established, the mice were given harpagide (4, 8, 12 mg·kg-1) and edaravone (3.2 mg·kg-1) [0.1 ml·(10 g)-1] by tail vein injection after MCAO immediately.And the model and control mice were given equivalent normal saline by the same way.After MCAO for 6 h, the behavior, volume of cerebral ischemia and pathological changes in the brain were observed.Westernblot was employed to determine the contents of Cyt C in mitochondrion and pro-caspase-3 in endochylema.Results Compared with the model group, harpagide (4, 8, 12 mg·kg-1) could significantly decrease the increased nerve functional score, brain index, brain water content and volume of cerebral ischemia induced by cerebral ischemia.Harpagide (4, 8, 12 mg·kg-1) could reduce the contents of Cyt C in mitochondrion and pro-caspase-3 in endochylema.Conclusion Harpagide may have protective effect on the cerebral ischemia injury in mice, which might be related to the inhibition of the cerebral mitochondria mediated Caspase dependent apoptotic signaling pathway.

OBJECTIVETo identify pine needles from different plant origins by microscopic and molecular approaches.

METHODSThe characteristics of pine needles of Lamb., Parl. and Franch. were investigated via plant morphology and microscopic characteristics. and were analyzed with PCR amplification and bi-directional sequencing. MEGA 6.0 was used to calculate the intra-and inter-specific Kimura-2-Parameter (K2P) distances, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed by using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method.

RESULTSThere were significant differences in the number and length of pine needles, number of vascular bundles, distribution of stomatal lines, number and distribution of resin channels among three kinds of pine needles. The lengths of sequences of Lamb., Parl. and Franch. were 470, 469 and 470 bp, respectively. The lengths of sequences in three kinds of pine needles were 553 bp. The intraspecific variation rates of Lamb., Parl. and Franch. were 0%, 0.2%, and 2.8%, respectively; and the intraspecific variation rates of sequences were 0%, 2.4%, and 1.1%, respectively. There was no significant barcoding gap in intraspecific and interspecific genetic distances of sequences. The intraspecific and interspecific distances of sequences were clearly separated in the barcoding gap test. The NJ tree based on showed that the three pine needles clustered into three separate groups, indicating that DNA marker could distinguish the Lamb., Parl., Franch. and its close relative species.

CONCLUSIONSs The three types of pine needles can be distinguished accurately and rapidly by microscopic and molecular identification. The study provides methodology and experimental basis for the quality evaluation and classification of pine needles.