No abstract available.
Glycoproteins* ; Oligodendroglia* ; Rubella virus* ; Rubella*

Objective: To understand the genotype distribution and transmission pattern of rubella virus (RuV) circulating in Yunnan Province. Methods: Throat swab samples were collected from rubella outbreaks and sporadic cases in nine prefectures/cities of Yunnan Province from 2011 to 2021. Virus isolation, amplification of target genes and sequence determination were performed on the RuV-positive samples. The genotypes and lineages of Yunnan strains were determined by comparing them with the reference strains, and further phylogenetic analysis was performed with Yunnan strains and strains circulating in other provinces of China during the same period. Results: RuV circulating in Yunnan province during 2011-2021 showed significant genetic diversity, and three lineages, 1E-L1, 2B-L1 and 1E-L2, were detected. Two lineage-switches were also identified, including the conversion of 1E-L1 to 2B-L1 between 2012 and 2013, and the replacement of 2B-L1 to 1E-L2 after 2018. The time of the switches was basically consistent with the outbreak in Yunnan province in 2012 and the time of the rubella reemergence and epidemic between 2018 and 2019. The amino acid sequence of RuV virus strains in Yunnan province was highly conserved, and no important functional regions were changed. Conclusions: The transmission pattern of RuV in Yunnan province is generally consistent with the epidemic trend of RuV in other provinces of China.
Humans ; Rubella virus/genetics* ; Phylogeny ; China/epidemiology* ; Rubella/epidemiology* ; Genotype

Objective: To understand the genotype distribution and transmission pattern of rubella virus (RuV) circulating in Yunnan Province. Methods: Throat swab samples were collected from rubella outbreaks and sporadic cases in nine prefectures/cities of Yunnan Province from 2011 to 2021. Virus isolation, amplification of target genes and sequence determination were performed on the RuV-positive samples. The genotypes and lineages of Yunnan strains were determined by comparing them with the reference strains, and further phylogenetic analysis was performed with Yunnan strains and strains circulating in other provinces of China during the same period. Results: RuV circulating in Yunnan province during 2011-2021 showed significant genetic diversity, and three lineages, 1E-L1, 2B-L1 and 1E-L2, were detected. Two lineage-switches were also identified, including the conversion of 1E-L1 to 2B-L1 between 2012 and 2013, and the replacement of 2B-L1 to 1E-L2 after 2018. The time of the switches was basically consistent with the outbreak in Yunnan province in 2012 and the time of the rubella reemergence and epidemic between 2018 and 2019. The amino acid sequence of RuV virus strains in Yunnan province was highly conserved, and no important functional regions were changed. Conclusions: The transmission pattern of RuV in Yunnan province is generally consistent with the epidemic trend of RuV in other provinces of China.
Humans ; Rubella virus/genetics* ; Phylogeny ; China/epidemiology* ; Rubella/epidemiology* ; Genotype

BACKGROUND: In Korea, there was resurgence of rubella among adolescents in 1995-6. The risk of rubella infection is higher in hospital employees than that in others because of higher chances to exposure to rubella viruses. As rubella infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome, special preventive measures should be taken for female employees under reproductive age in the hospital. METHODS: The subjects were 440 employees(male 100, female 340) aged from 18 to 45 years in Soonchunhyang university hospital. Rubella IgG antibody was assayed by microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA). RESULTS: Among 440 subjects, the positive rate for rubella IgG antibody was 91.4% (402/440) that was 95% (95/100) in male and 90% (307/340) in female. The overall titer of the antibody was 105+/- 113IU/mL (mean+/-SD). The titer of rubella antibody was 144+/-135 IU/mL in male and 94+/-103 IU/mL in female with statistical significance (P<0.05). The titer was 152+/-142 IU/mL in doctor and 90+/- 99 IU/mL in female employee with statistical significance (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Because 8.6% of hospital employees was susceptible to rubella, we recommended that the hospital employee should be checked for rubella antibody and be vaccinated when they are seronegative.
Adolescent ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Immunoglobulin G ; Korea ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ; Rubella virus* ; Rubella*

BACKGROUND: The age group of Rubella virus (RV) infection in most industrialized nations located in temperate climates, has in large part shifted from children to young adults since introducing of the RV vaccine in late 1960's. Interestingly, there were rubella outbreaks from 1995 through 1996 in Korea, and middle and high school students were mostly affected during that time. Although continued cycling of the rubella epidemics, there were no reports about the isolation or genetic information of rubella viruses circulated in Korea. METHOD: To isolate RV circulated in Korea, and determine the phylogenetic relationship between RV strains in Korea and RV isolates from other geographic regions including vaccine strains, we inoculated nasopharyngeal secretion samples from clinically diagnosed rubella patients to Vero E6 cells, and sequenced corresponding region of the 5' E1 encoding genomic regions of RV isolates. RESULT: Seven RV strains isolated from Korea showed 93.6 to 97.8% and 98.3 to 100% sequence homologies in nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, compared to RA27/3 vaccine strain. Phylogenetic tree based on 359bp of RV indicated that at least two different groups of RV circulated in Korea during 1995-1996 epidemics. CONCLUSION: Our data suggested that mutant RV strains were possibly not the cause of recent rubella epidemics in Korea.
Child ; Climate ; Developed Countries ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Korea* ; Phylogeny ; Rubella virus* ; Rubella* ; Sequence Homology ; Young Adult

BACKGROUND: The risk of rubella infection is higher in hospital workers than in others because of high possibility of exposure to rubella viruses. Moreover, rubella infection during pregnancy can cause serious problems, special preventive measures should be taken for female employees in the hospital. METHODS: This study was performed from October to December, 1995 and the subjects were 307 female employees in a university hospital, who were aged 20 to 40 and had many chances cf exposure to rubella patient during working. Rubella virus antibody was detected by the method of ELISA. For the antibody-negative employees, we gave active immunization and retested the antibody titer after six weeks. RESULTS: Among 307 subjects, 289 cases (94.1%) were positive for rubella IgG antibody. There was no significant difference in positive rates of rubella antibody by type of occupation, age, medical department, and duration employed. The seroconversion rate was 93.8% (15/16). CONCLUSIONS: According to these findings, we recommend that the employees in the hospital, especially women aged 20 to 40 should be checked for Rubella Ab (IgG) and be vaccinated when they don't have it.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female* ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Occupations ; Pregnancy ; Rubella virus ; Rubella* ; Vaccination

BACKGROUND: The risk of rubella infection is higher in hospital workers than in others because of high possibility of exposure to rubella viruses. Moreover, rubella infection during pregnancy can cause serious problems, special preventive measures should be taken for female employees in the hospital. METHODS: This study was performed from October to December, 1995 and the subjects were 307 female employees in a university hospital, who were aged 20 to 40 and had many chances cf exposure to rubella patient during working. Rubella virus antibody was detected by the method of ELISA. For the antibody-negative employees, we gave active immunization and retested the antibody titer after six weeks. RESULTS: Among 307 subjects, 289 cases (94.1%) were positive for rubella IgG antibody. There was no significant difference in positive rates of rubella antibody by type of occupation, age, medical department, and duration employed. The seroconversion rate was 93.8% (15/16). CONCLUSIONS: According to these findings, we recommend that the employees in the hospital, especially women aged 20 to 40 should be checked for Rubella Ab (IgG) and be vaccinated when they don't have it.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female* ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Occupations ; Pregnancy ; Rubella virus ; Rubella* ; Vaccination

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the quality status of rubella virus IgM diagnostic kits by national supervising sampling.

METHODSUsing legal inspection combining with exploratory study, the positive and negative coincidence rate, detection limit and repeatability of kits were verified.

RESULTSThe results showed that 15 of 16 batches of kits were qualified using legal inspection, and the passing rate was 93.8%. The unqualified item was negative coincidence rate. In exploratory study, only 11 batches (68.8%) complied with industry standard. The unqualified items were negative coincidence rate, detection limit and repeatability.

CONCLUSIONAt present, rubella virus IgM diagnostic Kits have some quality problems in the market. It is recommended that we adopt industry standard and national reference panel in the registration inspection for the future, which will prompt enterprises to improve quality.

BACKGROUND: The risk of rubella infection is higher among hospital employees than others because of more exposure to rubella viruses. Because rubella infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome, special preventive measures should be taken for female employees in the hospital. METHODS: 309 employees in Soonchunhyang Kumi Hospital, aged from 18 to 45 years old, were included this study. Rubella IgG antibody was detected by the method of MEIA (microparticle enzyme immunoassay). And non-immunized employees were received by Wister RA 27/3 rubella vaccination and rechecked rubella antibody titers at 2 months later after vaccination. RESULTS: Among 309 subjects, 276(89.3%) were positive for rubella IgG antibody. The overall mean titer of rubella antibody was 72 IU/mL (SD: 67 IU/mL). The rubella antibody in titer decreased gradually with aging. The seroconversion rate after vaccination was 100%(28/28). CONCLUSIONS: The authors recommend that the employees susceptible to rubella or all employees in the hospital should be vaccinated for preventing rubella.
Aging ; Cross Infection* ; Female ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Middle Aged ; Pregnancy ; Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ; Rubella Vaccine ; Rubella virus* ; Rubella* ; Vaccination*

A study was conducted on rural women of childbearing age aged 20-49 who underwent the National Free Preconception Health Examination Project (NFPHEP)in Yunnan Province from 2013 to 2019. Descriptive analysis was conducted to determine the negative rate of IgG antibodies against the rubella virus and its differences among various socio-demographic characteristics. Among the 1 511 203 study subjects, the negative rate of IgG antibodies against the rubella virus was 24.36%. Only 2.64% of the population had received rubella virus vaccine. The negative rate of IgG antibodies among rural childbearing-age women in the preconception period in Yunnan Province decreased with age and educational level (P_trend<0.001). The negative rate of IgG antibodies in ethnic minority women of childbearing age in the preconception period (25.19%) was higher than that of Han women (23.88%). Among the 22 ethnic groups with over 1 000 participants, the negative rates of IgG antibodies in women of childbearing age from the Blang (32.85%), Bouyei (31.03%), Zhuang (31.01%), and Miao (30.70%) ethnic groups were higher than those of women from other ethnic groups. Among the 16 states (cities) in Yunnan Province, the negative rate of IgG antibodies in pregnant women of childbearing age in Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (38.06%) and Lincang City (32.63%) was higher than that in other states (cities). The negative rate of serum IgG antibodies in women who reported having received rubella virus vaccine (18.60%) was lower than that in other non-vaccinated populations (24.52%). The proportion of rural women of childbearing age in Yunnan Province who were susceptible to the rubella virus before pregnancy was still high. It is necessary to promote rubella vaccination among people susceptible to rubella, especially pregnant women, to prevent rubella virus infection and reduce the incidence rate and disease burden of rubella people.
Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Rubella virus ; Immunoglobulin G ; Ethnicity ; Minority Groups ; China ; Rubella/prevention & control* ; Antigens, Viral ; Vaccines