This paper present a microcontroller system for target controlled infusion according to pharmacodynamic parameters of intravenous anesthetics. It can control the depth of anesthesia by adjusting the level of plasma concentrations. The system has the advantages of high precision, extended function and easy operation. It has been now used in the clinical anesthesia.
Algorithms ; Anesthesia, Intravenous ; instrumentation ; methods ; Anesthetics, Intravenous ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Computer Systems ; Humans ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Microcomputers ; Software Design

Essential oil, flavonoids, alkaloids and lignas were isolated from Saururuaceae plants. They possesses antibacteral, antiviruses, antiinflammatory. Inhibitory of plaleted aggregation activites and exhibit significant neuroleptic activity.
Alkaloids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; pharmacology ; Antiviral Agents ; pharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Lactams ; Oils, Volatile ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Phenanthrenes ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Quercetin ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Saururaceae ; chemistry

Objective To understand the prevalence and the factors associated with depression and anxiety among patients attending the community-based methadone maintenance treatment(MMT) program.Methods 9 MMT clinics in 3 provinces were randomly selected,in which 1 301 MMT patients who met the criteria of recruitment were all interviewed.A cross-sectional study by administrative questionnaire was employed to investigate the demographics,drug abuse and MMT treatment status of the respondents.The 1301 respondents were also evaluated for depression and anxiety by SDS(Self-Rating Depression Scale) and SAS(Self-Rating Anxiety Scale) respectively.ANOVA and multivariate linear regressions analysis was used to verify the factors associated with depression and anxiety respectively.Results The prevalence of depression and anxiety among the MMT patients were 38.3%(498/1 301) and 18.4%(239/1 301).The multivariates linear regression analysis indicated that at the level of ?=0.05,gender,employment status were associated with depression,while gender,employnment status,educational level,drug abuse and methadone daily dosage were associated with anxiety.Conclusions There are certain proportions of MMT clients who suffer from depression and anxiety.The MMT clinic staff should put more emphasis on the efforts to reduce psychological disorders and its potential risks by enhancing psychological councelling,intervention and social support towards the MMT patients.

OBJECTIVETo describe the characteristics and factors associated with long-term retention for methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients.

METHODSThis study was conducted in eight MMT clinics located in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou and Zhejiang provinces. Five hundred and thirty-nine MMT patients who enrolled in MMT clinics in 2004 and retained in treatment by June 2010 were selected as study subjects. Chi-square tests were used to compare the demographics and drug abuse history at enrollment and treatment characteristics during the follow-up period between continuous treatment patients and discontinuous treatment patients.

RESULTSOf the 539 patients, 110 (20.4%) were continuous treatment patients whereas 429 (79.6%) were discontinuous treatment patients. Of these 429 discontinuous treatment patients, 84.1% (361/429) had 2-4 treatment episodes whereas 15.9% (68/429) had 5 or more episodes during follow-up period. When continuous treatment patients were compared with discontinuous treatment patients, living with family members or friends (88.2% (97/110), 78.5% (337/429)), age of first drug use under 25 (61.8% (68/110), 71.3% (306/429)), low urine morphine positive test results (67.3% (74/110), 38.2% (164/429)) and living within 5 kilometers of the MMT clinic (72.7% (80/110), 61.3% (263/429)) were positively associated with higher possibility of continuous treat retention (P < 0.05). Demographics and drug abuse characteristics at enrollment, including gender, age, employment status, family relationship, injection, needle sharing, criminal behavior, contacts with drug users, MMT daily dosage and family members receiving MMT were not significantly associated with treatment retention (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONIllicit drug use during the treatment and longer distance travelling to MMT clinic might have negative impact on patients' continuous treatment retention. Mobile MMT vehicles and expanded MMT service sites could be introduced to improve compliance of treatment retention of MMT patients.

Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Methadone ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Patient Compliance ; statistics & numerical data ; Substance-Related Disorders ; drug therapy ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo explore the impacts of antiretroviral treatment on drug use and high risk sexual behaviors among HIV-positive MMT clients.

METHODSA cross-sectional study was conducted in patients undergoing ART (ART-experienced) and patients not undergoing ART (ART-naive) attending MMT in 5 clinics in Yunnan Honghe and Dehong prefectures in 2014. A questionnaire was designed to collect socio-demographic characteristics, ART and MMT information and sexual and drug use behaviors within 3 months before the investigation was conducted. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the predictors for drug use and risky sexual behaviors.

RESULTSA total of 328 cases were included in the analysis, among which 202 were ART-experienced and 126 were ART-naÏve. Among 152 respondents who were sexually active, 61 (40.1%) reported having unprotected sex (UPS) with their regular partners in the prior 3 months. A total of 57.6% (189/328) of the respondents used drugs in the prior 3 months. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that younger than 35 years old (OR = 3.57, 95% CI: 1.23-10.37), fertility desire (OR = 4.47, 95% CI: 1.49-13.41), partner being HIV-positive (OR = 4.62, 95% CI: 1.80-11.86), length of MMT attendance less than 5 years (OR = 2.92, 95% CI: 1.14-7.53), agreed that it was necessary to use condom no matter the viral load is high or low (OR = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.04-0.51) were protective factors of UPS in the prior 3 months. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that being Han (OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.24-0.89), feeling having good health status (OR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.18-0.85), being enrolled in ART (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.17-0.60) were protective factors for drug use in the prior three months, having contact with drug using friends (OR = 4.41, 95% CI: 2.31-8.29), having experience of missing an MMT dose (OR = 3.47, 95% CI: 1.92-6.29), and not satisfied with current MMT dose (OR = 13.92, 95% CI: 3.24-59.93) were risk factors for drug use during the prior three months.

CONCLUSIONART was not associated with risky sexual behavior and drug use in the prior 3 months in this population. Future interventions should promote ART among this population, and provide education at the same time to prevent the emergence of cross infections and drug-resistant strains.

Anti-HIV Agents ; China ; Condoms ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; HIV Infections ; HIV Seropositivity ; Humans ; Organometallic Compounds ; Protective Factors ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual Partners ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Unsafe Sex

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effectiveness of the first eight pilot methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clinics in China.

METHODSA questionnaire survey of the clients at the 8 pilot MMT clinics was performed at entry, 6 month and 12 month follow-up. Drug using behaviors, drug related crime behaviors, and relationships in families were compared among at entry, 6 and 12 months follow-up.

RESULTSThere were 585, 609 and 468 clients involved at baseline, 6 month and 12 month follow-up surveys, respectively. At entry, 6 month and 12 month follow-up, the proportion of clients whose injection of drugs reduced from 69.1% to 8.9% and 8.8%, and the frequency of injection in the past month had reduced from 90 times per month to 2 times per month. Employment rate increased from 22.9% to 43.2% and 40.6%, and self-reported criminal behaviors reduced from 20.7% to 3.6% and 3.8%. At 12 month follow-up, 65.8% of clients reported a healthy family relationship, increased from 46.8% at entry, 95.9% of clients reported that they were satisfied with the MMT service.

CONCLUSIONPilot MMT program reduced drug use, drug injecting behaviors, drug related criminal behaviors, and improved relationship with family members. Therefore, MMT clinic should be considered as a platform for providing comprehensive services to drug users.

Adult ; Analgesics, Opioid ; administration & dosage ; China ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Methadone ; administration & dosage ; Opioid-Related Disorders ; rehabilitation ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; methods ; Program Evaluation ; methods ; Substance Abuse Treatment Centers ; organization & administration ; standards ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective To analyze the problems in the network direct reporting of information about intervention service conducted in population at high risk for HIV infection in China during 2013-2014,and provide evidence for the improvement of the network direct reporting of the intervention information.Methods The wrong records of the intervention service in population at high-risk were collected from national AIDS prevention and treatment information system.The wrong records,including those found at county (district) level and those found at state level,were analyzed with descriptive statistical method.Results A total of 1 066 wrong records were found during 2013-2014,and average annual wrong record rate was ＜0.1％.Up to 71.3％ (760/1 066) of wrong records occurred in the first half year.The wrong records in eastern,central and western areas accounted for 14.9％ (159/1 066),22.6％ (241/1 066) and 62.5％ (666/1 066) of the total respectively.More wrong records were found in the intervention information for men who have sex with men and injecting drug users than in those for female sex workers.Among the total wrong records,86.4％ (921/ 1 066) were found at county level and 13.6％ (145/1 066) were found at state level.The wrong records were mainly "annual number of persons receiving the first HIV test" and "annual number of persons covered by intervention".Common causes of wrong records were underreporting and delay,staff fault,miscalculation and misunderstanding.Conclusion In general,the wrong record rate in intervention information for population at high risk for HIV infection reported directly through network was low in China.It is necessary to strengthen the recording of the intervention service,the quality control of statistics and network direct reporting and staff training to improve the quality of reported data of intervention service.

Objective To understand the demographic and HIV risk behaviors, HIV and syphilis infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Langfang, Hebei. Methods 106 completed questionnaires were collected from 118 participants, who were recruited from MSM pubs and internet from October to November, 2007. Data on homosexual and heterosexual relationships as well as sexual behaviors were collected by face-to-face interview. Blood specimen were collected to determine HIV/syphilis serostatus. Results Age, marital status and occupation were statistically different (P＜0.05 ) among MSM subgroups enrolled through different recruitment methods. Almost 90.0% of the MSMs identified their sexual orientation, 82.1% MSMs had sexual contacts with men, 50.4% MSMs maintained sexual relationship with women. The exposures of sexual contacts were anal intercourse (87.7%), blow job (58.5%), rimming (32.1%), fist fucking (15.1%), group sex (8.5%) etc. As for the awareness of risk for HIV infection, only 31.1% of the participants were beware of their risk of HIV infection they had been facing while 23.6% of them had ever received HIV testings. The prevalence rates of HIV and syphilis antibody positive among the 84 MSMs in this program were 4.8% and 22.6% respectively. Conclusion MSMs were lack of HIV/STI awareness on their risks and having a high prevalence of HIV and syphilis.Specific HIV/STI intervention should be carried out in this population urgently.

Objective To assess the prevalence of HIV and risky sexual behaviors among university students who have sex with men(MSM)in Beijing.Methods MSM students in the universities were mainly recruited via internet.Questionnaires were self-administered to collect social demographic information and AIDS-related risky sexual behaviors.After completing the questionnaire,blood sample was collected to determine HIV infection through serological testing.X2 test and logistic regression were employed for univariate and multivariate analysis,respectively.Results A total of 157 students were recruited with mean age of 22.7±2.8 years old,12.1%of them were minorities and 77.7% were self-identified as homosexual.98.1% had engaged in anal intercourse(AI)in their lifetime and 73.9%reported that AI was common sexual behavior they often practised.In the past 6 months,58.6% had ever had unprotected anal intercourse(UAI),58.0% never used condoms during oral intercourse,and 59.2% had multiple sex partners(≥2).Nearly half of them believed that they were at low or no risk of contracting HIV and the prevalence of HIV infection was 2.5%.Data from logistic regression analysis showed that ever having had sex with a casual partner in a lifetime (OR=13.10).understanding that serving an insertive role had less risk than being receptive during the AI (OR=3.37),and ever having been to a gay bar(OR=2.49)was independently related to having multiple sex partners in the past 6 months.Conclusion Despite the extensive programs on education,behaviors regarding UAI and ever having had multiple sex partners were silll commonly seen among university MSM students.Interventions were needed to prevent HIV transmission in this population.

Objective To analyze the implementation of intervention programs targeted on AIDS high risk sexual transmission groups since 2008,when the relative prevention and control information systems on HIV/AIDS were developed.Methods Data from both aggregated interventions and sentinel surveillance programs from 2008 to the end of 2014 were used.Descriptive statistics were performed to analyze the trends of implementation on high risk groups including men who have sex with men,female sex workers (FSW) and migrant workers.Results From 2008 to 2012,the monthly average numbers receiving intervention programs and the average monthly coverage rate on intervention for MSM,increased from 49000 to 252000,and from 8.6％ to 78.5％ respectively.The FSW related indicators increased from 329 000 to 625 000,and from 30.9％ to 87.0％ respectively.Above indexes on the two populations had dropped slightly in 2013 and 2014.Sentinel surveillance data showed that knowledge and behavior indicators observed from the MSM and FSW populations increased annually.The coverage of intervention programs on migrant workers increased from 4.7％ to almost 10.0％,but the surveillance data on migrant men showed that the knowledge and behavior indicators were still lower than the other high-risk groups.Conclusion Intervention related to sexual transmission on HIV/AIDS among high-risk populations were effectively implemented,with some achievements seen.However,as sexual contact currently became the main route of AIDS epidemic,new challenges called for serious attention.