BACKGROUND: Rotaviruses are the primary cause of severe acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. We evaluated the performance of the new GENEDIA Rotavirus Ag Rapid test (Greencross Medical Science, Korea) immunochromatographic assay (ICA) for detecting human rotavirus in stool specimens, in comparison with ELISA and PCR assays. METHODS: One hundred rotavirus-positive stool samples and 150 rotavirus-negative stool samples, confirmed by ELISA and PCR tests, were analysed using the GENEDIA Rotavirus Ag rapid test. The positive agreement (sensitivity), negative agreement (specificity), and total agreement rates of the ICA compared to ELISA and PCR were determined. To assess the analytical performance of the ICA, we tested its detection limit, reproducibility, and cross-reactivity. RESULTS: The positive, negative, and total agreement rates of the ICA were 99%, 100%, and 99.6%, respectively, when compared with the results confirmed by ELISA and PCR. The total turnaround time of the ICA was less than 20 minutes. The lower limit of detection of the ICA for rotavirus was 1.33x10(3) TCID50/mL, which was similar to that of ELISA but higher than that of PCR. No cross-reactivity was detected for 11 viruses and 19 bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: The GENEDIA Rotavirus Ag rapid test was easy to perform and provided rapid results, which showed high agreement with those obtained using ELISA and PCR. This test appears to be a useful tool for the diagnosis of rotavirus infection.
Bacteria ; Child ; Diagnosis ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Gastroenteritis ; Humans ; Immunochromatography* ; Infant ; Limit of Detection ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rotavirus Infections ; Rotavirus*

Acute diarrhea is one of the most common symptoms in children. Common causes and differential diagnosis are reviewed in this article. In children with suspicious diarrhea, one should consider whether the stool is normal variant or true diarrhea and in the case of true diarrhea, whether it is infectious or noninfectious diarrhea, particularly bacterial or viral infection; last, in the case of bacterial infection, whether antibiotics is needed or not. Rotaviruses and noroviruses are the most common causes in children with acute diarrhea. The seasonal distribution of rotavirus infection is changing. Epidemics of norovirus are increasing. The main symptom of norovirus infection in children is vomiting, unlike rotavirus infection. Bacterial infection is not a common cause. When a child shows bloody and mucoid diarrhea, the use of antibiotics should be considered if the patient is a young infant, is immunocompromised, or has toxic symptoms such as high fever, severe dehydration, or malnutrition. Clinical approaches focused on etiology can support the proper management and prediction of prognosis. Genetic epidemiology research is needed to monitor the efficacy of rotavirus vaccination and to develop a norovirus vaccine.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacterial Infections ; Child ; Dehydration ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Diarrhea ; Fever ; Humans ; Infant ; Malnutrition ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Norovirus ; Organothiophosphorus Compounds ; Prognosis ; Rotavirus ; Rotavirus Infections ; Seasons ; Vaccination ; Vomiting

Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Rotavirus Infections ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Vomiting ; etiology

OBJECTIVEStudy on the infection rate,influence factors and clinical characteristic of rotavirus diarrhea in children.

METHODS634 hospitalized diarrhea children was collected from 2006 June to 2010 October. The gold immunochromatographic double-antibody sandwiched assay was used to detect the antigen of Rotavirus directly. The age of onset, incidence, clinical features and multiple organ damage and other aspects were summarized and analyzed.

RESULTS308 cases was detected positively in the 634 specimens, the positive rate was 48.6%. In 6 to 12 months old children 197 cases was detected positively, accounted for 66.3%. Rotavirus was detected all the year round and the positive rate was higher in the first quarter and the forth quarter and was 63.8% and 62. 6% respectively. 68.6% accompanied with myocardial damage, 41.2% with lower respiratory tract infection, 13.3% with liver damage, 14.9% with renal damage, 9.4% with convulsions in 4.9%, accompanied by the damage of blood system.

CONCLUSIONRotavirus is the leading cause of pediatric diarrhea the main pathogens, 6-12 months infants with the highest infection rate, the first, the fourth quarter is higher. Rotavirus infection can cause multiple organ dysfunction.

Child, Preschool ; China ; Enteritis ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Male ; Rotavirus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Rotavirus Infections ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Seasons

Group A rotavirus is one of the most significant etiological agents which causes acute gastroenteritis among infants and young children worldwide. So far, several method which includes electron microscopy (EM), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)and Real-time Quantitative PCR has been established for the detection of rotavirus. Compared with other methods, Real-time quantitative PCR have advantages in specificity, sensitivity, genotyping and quantitative accuracy. This article shows a overview of the application of real-time quantitative PCR technique to detecte group A rotavirus.
Animals ; Humans ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; trends ; Rotavirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Rotavirus Infections ; diagnosis ; virology ; Viral Proteins ; genetics

BACKGROUND: Enteroviruses are known as major pathogen for aseptic meningitis. Although rapid diagnosis for enteroviruses is very essential to exclude bacterial infections in patients with meningitis, classical diagnostic method based on virus isolation is not practicable for timely treatment of patients due to its laborious and time-consuming procedure. Recently molecular methodologies as alternatives are routinely used for rapid and sensitive diagnosis for enteroviruses infections. METHODS: Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR ELISA kit for targeting 5'non-coding region (NCR) with highly conserved genetic identity among all genotypes of enteroviruses was introduced in this investigation. RT-PCR ELISA was evaluated about sensitivity and specificity through virus isolation using clinical specimens from patients suspected of enteroviral infections and enteroviral isolates comparing with conventional RT-PCR identifying them. RESULTS: The detection limit of the RT-PCR ELISA was up to 10-100 folds higher than virus isolation using cell culture and conventional RT-PCR. On comparison between above two methods, the detection rate of RT-PCR ELISA for clinical specimens from patients with aseptic meningitis was 7% higher than that of conventional RT-PCR targeting 5'NCR (P=0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that RT-PCR ELISA developed in this study could be an alternative diagnostic method for the detection of enteroviral genome with high sensitivity and specificity.
5' Untranslated Regions ; Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Enterovirus Infections/*diagnosis ; *Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Infant ; Meningitis, Aseptic/diagnosis ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; *Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rotavirus/genetics ; Rotavirus Infections/diagnosis ; Sensitivity and Specificity

From November 2008 to January 2009, a sharp increase of diarrhea in children in Guangdong province appeared, we randomly collected 53 stool specimens from out-patient children with dirrhea in 3 major hospitals (Guangzhou City Children's Hospital, Shenzhen Baoan District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University). Rotavirus and calicivirus were screened by ELISA and RT-PCR. We found 29 cases of rotavirus infection with diverse serotypes. Only four cases were identified as calicivirus infection. The result indicated that rotavirus was a major pathogen of this high incidence of diarrhea from November 2008 to January 2009 in Guangdong Province.
Age Distribution ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Diarrhea, Infantile ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Feces ; virology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rotavirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Rotavirus Infections ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Serotyping

BACKGROUND: Rotavirus is the most common cause of childhood gastroenteritis during winter season. Rapid, accurate diagnosis is essential for preventing severe complications of rotaviral gastroenteritis. The sensitivity and specificity of five detection test kits for rotavirus including latex agglutination (LAT), enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and three immunochromatographic methods (ICG) were evaluated in this study. METHODS: A total of 95 stool samples collected from patients with acute gastroenteritis were studied. The test kits were as follows: LAT (Slidex latex, bioMerieux Vitek, France); three kinds of ICG (Dipstick ROTA, Eiken, Japan; SAS Rota Test, SA Scientific, Inc., USA; and ASAN Easy Test Rota strip, ASAN Pharmaceutical., Korea); and EIA (VIDAS Rotavirus, bioMerieux Vitek). The samples showing discordant results were reevaluated by reverse-transcription (RT) PCR and clinical manifestations. RESULTS: Of a total of 95 cases, 56 (58.9%) were positive and 39 (41.1%) were negative. Thirteen cases showed discordant results. Sensitivity and specificity were, respectively, 85.7% and 100% for LAT, 100% and 95% for both of Dipstick ROTA and SAS Rota, 86.7% and 87.5% for ASAN Rota strip and 98.1% and 97.3% for EIA. CONCLUSIONS: LAT was rapid and easy to perform and showed the lowest sensitivity among the five test kits. ICG showed a good agreement with EIA and RT-PCR. EIA was the best in respect of sensitivity and specificity, but difficulty in interpretations of equivocal results and time-consuming procedures were limitations. In conclusion, ICG, which is easy to perform at a low cost, may be an optimal method in place of LAT for the detection of rotavirus.
Antigens, Viral/*analysis ; Chromatography/*methods ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/*methods ; Gastroenteritis/virology ; Humans ; Latex Fixation Tests/*methods ; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rotavirus/immunology/*isolation & purification ; Rotavirus Infections/*diagnosis ; Sensitivity and Specificity

A molecular study of intestinal samples from 21 broiler flocks with a history of enteritis revealed that 23.8% and 14.3% were positive for chicken astrovirus (CAstV) and avian rotavirus (ARV), respectively. CAstV and group A ARV were simultaneously detected in only one broiler flock. Birds in this group developed the significant intestinal lesions characterized by frothy contents, paleness, and thin intestinal walls. In this report we present an unusual case of runting stunting syndrome (RSS) with a history of high mortality and growth retardation in broiler chickens. We also make the first identification of CAstV and group A ARV in broiler chickens in Korea.
Animals ; Astroviridae Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/*veterinary/virology ; Avastrovirus/classification/*genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; *Chickens/growth & development ; Enteritis/diagnosis/pathology/veterinary/virology ; Intestines/pathology/virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Poultry Diseases/*diagnosis/epidemiology/virology ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Rotavirus/classification/*genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Rotavirus Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/*veterinary/virology

PURPOSE: Viral infections are common in children,. This study was aimed to identify the correlation between febrile seizures and virus infections, to reduce the use of antibiotics and to help the normal development. METHODS: We studied 114 children with the chief complaint of febrile seizures who visited Eulji Medical University Hospital for from September, 2009 to August, 2010. Data included clinical findings, signs, routine laboratory testing and chest x-ray. Viral and bacterial studies, neuroimagings, electroencephalograms and cerebrospinal fluid studies were performed if clinically indicated. RESULTS: A total of 114 patients were enrolled in the study. The male to female ratio was 2.3:1. The mean age was 27.1 months and incidence was high in patients from 18 to 24 months of age. Generalized seizure was 97.4% and partial seizure was 2.6% in seizure type. Seizures lasted from 1 to less than 5 min in 81 patients (71.1%); within 1 min in 19 (16.7%); from 5 to less than 15 min in 11 (9.6%); and 15 min or more in 3 (2.6%). The etiologies of fever were listed as follows; unknown in 41 patients (36.0%), URI in 27 (23.7%), gastroenteritis in 16 (14.0%), bronchiolitis in 15 (13.2%), pneumonia in 10 (8.9%), croup in 4 (3.5%) and UTI in 1 (0.1%). Among 74 patients in which viral studies performed, 36 patients were positive ; RSV (7), Rhinovirus (6), Parainfluenza virus (4), Adenovirus (3), Influenza A virus (2), Influenza B virus (1), Coronavirus (2), Metapneumovirus (1), Rotavirus (6) and Enterovirus (4). Bacterial cultures were negative in 98.2% but antibiotics were prescribed in 74.5%. Abnormal findings in electroencephalograms were 2. CONCLUSION: The main cause of infection in children with febrile seizure was viral. Therefore a rapid viral testing would lead to an early diagnosis, less invasive investigations and a reduction in empiric antibacterial treatment.
Adenoviridae ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bronchiolitis ; Child ; Coronavirus ; Croup ; Early Diagnosis ; Electroencephalography ; Enterovirus ; Female ; Fever ; Gastroenteritis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Influenza A virus ; Influenza B virus ; Male ; Metapneumovirus ; Paramyxoviridae Infections ; Pneumonia ; Rhinovirus ; Rotavirus ; Seizures ; Seizures, Febrile ; Thorax ; Viruses