PURPOSE: To evaluate the CT and MR findings of bronchial anthracofibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-one patients with ronchoscopically confirmed bronchial anthracofibrosis were included in this study. Thirty-six were female and five were male, and all were aged between 53 and 89 (mean, 70) years. The CT (n=41) and MR findings (n=5) were retrospectively analysed with regard to bron-chostenosis, atelectasis, air-space consolidation, lymph node enlargement, calcified lymph node, mass and bronchial wall thickening, as seen on CT, and signal intensity of the mass and lymph nodes, as seen on MR. RESULTS: CT scans revealed the presence of bronchostenosis (n=34, 83%), atelectasis (n=24, 59%), pneumonic consolidation (n=26, 63%), enlarged mediastinal lymph node (n=39, 95%), calcified lymph node (n=22, 54%), mass (n=4,10%), and thickening of bronchial wall (n=1, 2.4%). Multifocal involvement of bron-chostenosis, atelectasis, and air-space consolidation occurred in 61%, 50% and 30% of cases, retrospectively. MR imaging showed low signal intensity of mass (n=3) and lymph nodes (n=10) on T1WI and T2WI. but in one case, mass and lymph node showed central high signal intensity on T2WI. CONCLUSION: A multiplicity of bronchostenosis, atelectasis, air-space consolidation and enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes were characteristic CT findings of bronchial anthracofibrosis. Most MR findings included relatively low signal intensity of masses and lymph nodes on T2WI, possibly indicating the benign nature of the diseases
Female ; Humans ; Lung ; Lymph Nodes ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Pneumoconiosis ; Pulmonary Atelectasis ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

BACKGOUND: The late referral to nephrologist was founded as independent risk factor of poor survival in hemodialysis patients. Patients referred lately are prone to initiate dialysis urgently through temporary catheter and the use of catheter increase the incidence of catheter related complications. But patients' survival may be influenced by multiple and more complex factors beside referral pattern and use of catheter. So we planed to evaluate the effect of referral pattern on patients' survival and related factors. METHODS: This analysis included 629 incident hemodialysis patients in single center. Demographical, clinical, laboratory data were collected retrospectively. Early referral was defined as first nephrology visit over 3 months prior to initiation of dialysis. Clinical characteristics were compared between early (ER) and late referral groups (LR). Survival analysis and Cox models were performed to assess the relationship of referral pattern and mortality. Significant differences were defined as p value less than 0.05. RESULTS: ER included 269 patients and their mean age, male proportion were not different from those of LR. In ER, pre-dialysis education program and nutritional counseling were offered much more than LR and lesser catheter usage, higher serum albumin at the initiation of dialysis. ER survived longer but in Cox models, only older age, presence of diabetes, lower serum albumin at the initiation of dialysis were independent risk factor for death (odds ratio 1.047, 1.547, 0.615, respectively) CONCLUSION: Although early referral decrease catheter use at the initiation and urgent hemodialysis, classical risk factors such as old age, presence of diabetes, nutritional status at the initiation are more important in patients prognosis.
Catheters ; Counseling ; Dialysis ; Education ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Mortality ; Nephrology* ; Nutritional Status ; Prognosis ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Referral and Consultation* ; Renal Dialysis* ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Serum Albumin