Tumor cell invasion and metastasis are associated with the proteolytic activity of various types of proteinases.Among them,cathepsin D,which is a lysosomal proteinase,has received more attention recently.Various studies have shown that the lysosomal aspartic protease cathepsin D is over-expressed and hyper-secreted by numerous cancer cell lines.Indeed it plays an essential role in the multiple steps of tumor progression,in stimulating cancer cell proliferation,tumor invasion and metastasis,fibroblast outgrowth and angiogenesis,as well as in inhibiting tumor apoptosis.In addition,CD is also a key mediator of induced- apoptosis.The aim of this article is to review the current knowledge on Cathepsin D action in cancer progression and metastasis,as well as its dual function in apoptosis.

Objective:To study the inhibitory effect of E1A gene on the growth of tumors in nude mice implanted with nasopharygeal carcinoma CNE2 cells and its promotion effect on the racliosensitivity of CNE2-implanted tumors, and to investigate the related mechanism. Methods: E1A gene was transfected into CNE2 cells using adenovirus system, and sta-ble E1A positive clones were established. The inhibitory effect of E1A on tumor formation-ability of CNE2 cells was ob-served in nude mice. The efficacy of E1A gene therapy with or without radiotherapy against CNE2 cell-implanted tumors was evaluated. The effect of E1A gene therapy on the expression of P53 was detected by RT-PCR. Results: CNE2 cells stably transfected with E1A gene (CNE2-Ad-E1A) were successfully established. The tumor formation time was later and tumor size was smaller in CNE2-Ad-E1A cell-implanted mice compared with those in CNE2 cell- and CNE2-Ad-β-gal cell-implanted mice (CNE2 cells stably transfected with Ad-β-gal). Radiotherapy, E1A gene therapy and E1A gene + radio-therapy all suppressed the growth of implanted tumors, with the tumor suppression rates being (60.32±5.34) %, (70.53±6.12) %, and (97.15±4.87) % , respectively. E1A gene therapy significantly increased the expression of P53 gene in tumor tissues. Conclusion: E1A can inhibit the growth of tumors in mice implanted with nasopharygeal carcinoma cells, and enhance its sensitivity to radiotherapy, which may be related to the increased expression of P53 gene in tumor tissues.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of the early activity on preventing deep vein thrombosis after joint replacement. Methods A total of 90 patients who undergone skeleton and knee joint replacement from January 2014 to January 2015 were randomly divid-ed into the observation group and the control group (with 45 cases in each group)according to the random number table method.The control group were given routine nursing care to prevent thrombosis,while the observation group were given intervention nursing,namely implementa-tion of early activities.The related symptoms of deep venous thrombosis and D-dimer level of high blood coagulation state of plasma of the two groups were observed and compared before and after treatment.Results The symptoms of deep vein thrombosis of the observation group in the early postoperative period were less than that of the control group,and the difference was significant(P <0.05).The D-dimer level of the observation group was lower than that of the control group 7 days after the operation with a significant difference (P <0.05).Conclusion Systematic nursing intervention of early activities can significantly reduce the related symptoms of forming deep vein thrombosis after joint re-placement.In addition,it has an apparent effect on lowing the high blood coagulation state and preventing deep vein thrombosis.

Objective:To study the inhibitory effect of E1A gene on the growth of tumors in nude mice implanted with nasopharygeal carcinoma CNE2 cells and its promotion effect on the radiosensitivity of CNE2-implanted tumors,and to investigate the related mechanism.Methods: E1A gene was transfected into CNE2 cells using adenovirus system,and stable E1A positive clones were established.The inhibitory effect of E1A on tumor formation-ability of CNE2 cells was observed in nude mice.The efficacy of E1A gene therapy with or without radiotherapy against CNE2 cell-implanted tumors was evaluated.The effect of E1A gene therapy on the expression of P53 was detected by RT-PCR.Results: CNE2 cells stably transfected with E1A gene(CNE2-Ad-E1A)were successfully established.The tumor formation time was later and tumor size was smaller in CNE2-Ad-E1A cell-implanted mice compared with those in CNE2 cell-and CNE2-Ad-?-gal cell-implanted mice(CNE2 cells stably transfected with Ad-?-gal).Radiotherapy,E1A gene therapy and E1A gene+radiotherapy all suppressed the growth of implanted tumors,with the tumor suppression rates being(60.32?5.34)%,(70.53?6.12)%,and(97.15?4.87)%,respectively.E1A gene therapy significantly increased the expression of P53 gene in tumor tissues.Conclusion: E1A can inhibit the growth of tumors in mice implanted with nasopharygeal carcinoma cells,and enhance its sensitivity to radiotherapy,which may be related to the increased expression of P53 gene in tumor tissues.

Objective To study the effect of E1A gene on the radiosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells and its mechanism. Methods Ad-E1A gene was transfected into human NPC cells (CNE2), then the positive clones (CNE2-Ad-E1A) were identified by RT-PCR. CNE2 cells, CNE2 cells transfected with Ad-β-gal (CNE2-Ad-β-gal) and CNE2-Ad-E1A cells were irradiated with 0 Gy,2 Gy,4 Gy,6 Gy and 8 Gy respectively using 6 MV X-ray. Clone forming assays were carried out, cell survival curves were drawn and the sensitivity enhancing ratio (SER) was calculated. The redistributions of cell cy-cle were analyzed by flow cytometry. RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of wtp53. Results RT-PCR confirmed that E1A gene had been integTated into positively transfected cells and stably expressed. Cell survival curves showed that the SER of D0,Dq and SF_2 value was 1.37, 1.95 and 1.46 in CNE2-Ad-E1A cells. The D_0,D_q and SF_2 value was 1.57 Gy,1.82 Gy, 0.89 in CNE-2 cells and 1.53 Gy,1.78 Gy,0.82 in CNE2-Ad-β-gal cells, respectively. The G_2/M arrest was shown in CNE2-Ad-E1A cells. Moreover, the expression of wtp53 gene was markedly enhanced in Ad-E1A-CNE2 cells. Conclusions E1A gene can ef-fectively enhance the radiosensitivity of human NPC cells, which may be associated the enhancement of wt-p53 expression and G_2/M arrest.

Objective To investigate the effect of El A gene on the radiosensitivity of human laryngeal carcinoma cells and its correlated mechanisms. Methods The Ad-E1A and Ad-β-gal were amplifieated in Hek293 cells, extracted by freezing (-80℃) and thawing(37℃) repeatedly (3 times) , purificated by the method of density gradient of CsC1 and titrated by plaque assay method. Then they were transfected into human laryngeal carcinoma cells (Hep-2) and authenticated by RT-PCR. The radiosensitivity of Hep-2 cells transfeeted with or without El A were studied by cell surviral curve. Finally we investigated the correlated mechanisms including cell apoptosis studied by flow cytometry and VEGF content studied by RT-PCR. Resuits The radiosensitivity of Hep-2 cells transfected with El A was intensified, Do and Dq were lowered and α was increased. Flow cytometry showed that the apoptosis rate of cells with E1A or with El A and radiotherapy was increased. The VEGF content of the cells transfeeted with E1 A or treated by radiotherapy was decreased, which reached the lowest level when the cells were treated with the both mathods. Conclusions E1 A gene can intensify the radiosensitivity and contribute to the apoptosis of human laryngeal carcinoma cells. El A gene and radiotherapy can markedly decrease the VEGF content.

Objective To understand the distribution and antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients in the department of infectious diseases in Xiangya Hospital.Methods The distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility testing results of pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients in this department in 2011 -2015 were analyzed retrospectively.Results A total of 560 strains were isolated during 5 years,of which gram-posi-tive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria accounted for 44.1 % (n =247)and 55.9%(n =313)respectively.69.8%(81/116)of coagulase-negative staphylococcus and 24.3%(9/37)of Staphylococcus aureus were methicillin-resistant (MRCNS,MRSA)respectively.Enterococcus was highly susceptible to vancomycin,linezolid,and phosphonomy-cin (>81 %).Enterobacteriaceae remained highly susceptible to carbapenems (88.9%-100.0%),and was suscep-tible to amikacin,cefoperazone/sulbactam,and piperacillin/tazobactam (>84%).Acinetobacter baumannii was the major isolated multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO),isolation rate of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii increased from 50.0% in 2011 to 77.8% in 2015,its resistance rate to imipenem was 64.9%.Conclusion The majority of clinically isolated pathogenic bacteria from this department is gram-negative bacilli,and detection rate of MDROs showed an upward trend;antimicrobial agents should be chosen according to distribution and antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic bacteria.

Objective To observe the surgical results of milling technique in treating mandibular angle hypertrophy through an intraoral approach and the effect of three-dimensional computer tomography (3D-CT) reconstruction.Methods Milling-technique was used to treat mandibular angle hypertrophy of 43 patients through intraoral approach under local anaesthesia.3D-CT was applied preoperatively and postoperatively,the data of mandibular angle and masseter muscle thickness were compared preoperatively and postoperatively.The facial contour improvement was also observed.Results Of 43 cases,33 cases were followed-up for 4 to 24 months after operation.The majority of patients were satisfied with the aesthetic results,changes of anterior and lateral view of basifacial part were obvious,the curve of the mandibular angle was smooth and the shape was natural; no major complications such as facial nerve injury or malfracture were seen.Conclusions Milling-technique is a safe,effective and simple method for mandibular angle reduction,and 3D-CT reconstruction has a positive effect preoperatively and postoperatively.