RNA interference provides a new idea for the gene therapy of cancer as a simple and effective means to replace the gene knockout.This article summarise research progress of RNA interference mechanism, characteristics and application in breast cancer gene therapy.

Objective To investigate the function of serum and bile leptin in the formation of gallstones.Methods Patients were divided into two groups:gallbladder cholesterol gallstone group (group A,n =58) and non-gallstone group (group B,n =33).With a body mass index of 24 kg/m2 for the standard,the group A was also divided into the group A1 (body mass index ≥24 kg/m2,n =30) and group A2 (body mass index ＜ 24 kg/m2,n =28).Group B was divided into group B1 (body mass index≥24 kg/m2,n =18) and group B2 (body mass index ＜24 kg/m2,n =15).Fasting blood samples from all study participants were assayed for total bile acid,total cholesterol,triglyceride,low density lipoprotein,high density lipoprotein,apolipoprotein AI,apolipoprotein B,lipoprotein (a).Serum leptin and bile leptin were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results A total of 58 patients with gallbladder cholesterol gallstone and 33 controls were included in the study.The serum level of leptin,total cholesterol,low density lipoprotein,apolipoprotein B and triglyceride were significantly increased,high density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein AI significantly decreased in patients with gallbladder cholesterol gallstone compared with controls(P ＜0.05).While bile leptin,total Bile acid,lipoprotein(a) were no significant difference between group A and group B (P ＞ 0.05).Serum leptin in patients with gallbladder cholesterol gallstone were significantly positively correlated with Body Mass Index(r =0.65,P =0.01),Especially when Body Mass Index ≥ 24 kg/m2 (r =0.73,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Changes in levels of serum leptin may affect levels of blood lipid,some lipoprotein and bile leptin,then promote the formation of cholesterol stones.

Objective To investigate the relationship between acute biliary pancreatitis and pancreaticobiliary maljunction and the role of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography(MRCP) in evaluation of pancreatico biliary maljunction.Methods To compare the liver function indicators of different groups of acute biliary pancreatitis patients(153 cases) associated with pancreatico biliary maljunction and without pancreatico biliary maljunction before and after the conservative treatment.Results The 32 acute biliary pancreatitis patients with pancreatico biliary maljunction detected by MRCP were compared with the 121 cases without pancreatico biliary maljunction.The ALT,AST,GGT after conservative treatment in both group of pancreatico biliary maljunction and Npancreatico biliary maljunction were significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.05).ALT,AST and GGT of pancreatico biliary maljunction group were higher than that of Npancreatico biliary maljunction group with statistical significance (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions MRCP as a noninvasive cholangiopancreatography study of pancreatico biliary maljunction is a safe and reliable examination method,pancreatico biliary maljunction is one of the important causes of acute biliary pancreatitis.

ObjectiveTo investigate the inhibitory effect of lentivirusly-mediated ObR-siRNA on transplanted MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by intratumoral injection.MethodsA model of subcutaneous implanted tumor was generated through injecting MCF-7 human breast cancer cells into the nude mice.Thirty established mice with MCF-7 breast cancer cells xenograft were divided into 3 groups randomly,and mice in the experimental group were intratumorally injected with ObR-siRNA lentivirus,while the negative control group and blank control group mice were injected with the same dose of negative lentivirus and normal saline.All mice were subcutaneously injected with recombinant human leptin around the tumor site once a day.Tumor size was blindly measured every other day and the mRNA expression and protein expression levels of ObR in each group were determined.ResultsKnockdown of ObR-treated xenografted nude mice with a high leptin microenvironment was successfully established.Local injection of ObR-siRNA lentivirus significantly suppressed the established tumor growth in nude mice(P ＜ 0.01,P ＜0.01 ).Real time-PCR and Western blotting showed that the mRNA and protein expression of ObR was decreased in the ObR-siRNA lentivirus group( P ＜ 0.01,P ＜ 0.01 ).ConclusionsIntratumoral injection of recomhinant ObR-siRNA lentivirus inhibits the growth of MCF-7 cells xenografts in the nude mice,suggesting that ObR might represent a therapeutic target in the genotherapies of human breast cancer.

In recent years, more and more patients with metabolic syndrome also have gallstones, and gallstones may lead to life-threatening diseases such as acute cholecystitis, acute obstructive cholangitis, and pancreatitis. This article summarizes the association of obesity, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension in metabolic syndrome with gallstones and discusses related mechanisms, in order to provide guidance for the screening, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of gallstones.

Objective:To investigate the inhibitory effect of probiotics on cholesterol gallstone formation in mice fed a high-fat diet and its impact on leptin and intestinal flora.Methods:Forty 8-week-old female C57BL/6J SPF mice were obtained. After one week of adaptive feeding, the mice were randomly assigned to G-NS group ( n=10), G-Probiotics group ( n=10), L-NS group ( n=10), and L-Probiotics group ( n=10). The G-NS group and G-Probiotics group were fed with standard diet, while the L-NS group and L-Probiotics group received lithogenic diet. Additionally, the G-Probiotics group and L-Probiotics group received a probiotic solution (5×10 9 CFU/ml, 0.1 mL/10 g) by gavage, once daily for 8 weeks. The G-NS group and L-NS group received an equal volume of normal saline by gavage. After 8 weeks, the stone formation rate of mice was observed, the serum leptin, total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) contents of mice were detected, feces were collected and DNA was extracted to analyze the diversity and abundance of intestinal flora in mice. Count data were presented as percentages, Fisher′s exact probability test was used for comparisons, and measurement data with normal distribution were presented as mean±standard divation ( ± s). One-way ANOVA was applied for inter-group comparisons, and the K-W rank sum test was utilized to analyze inter-group differences in the intestinal microbiota section. Results:No gallstone was found in the G-NS group and G-Probiotics group. The stone formation rates of the L-NS group and the L-Probiotics group were 100% and 60%, respectively, with statistical significance ( P<0.05). In the G-NS group, L-NS group, G-Probiotics group and L-Probiotics group the serum total cholesterol (TC) content were (2.03±0.34) mmol/L, (4.75±0.76) mmol/L, (1.64±0.49) mmol/L and (3.66±0.62) mmol/L, the serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol content was (0.57±0.10) mmol/L, (1.55±0.29) mmol/L, (0.73±0.37) mmol/L and (1.06±0.16) mmol/L, the serum leptin content was (6.77±0.76) μg/L, (19.24±3.97) μg/L, (3.21±1.32) μg/L and (11.67±1.05) μg/L. Comparison of serum TC and LDL: L-NS group was higher than G-NS group, L-NS group was higher than L-Probiotics group, L-Probiotics group was higher than G-Probiotics group, the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.01). Comparison of serum leptin showed that L-NS group was higher than G-NS group and L-Probiotics group, G-NS group and L-Probiotics group was higher than G-Probiotics group, the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the intestinal flora diversity of mice in the simple high-fat diet group decreased, the relative abundance of harmful bacteria increased, and the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria decreased. After probiotics intervention, the intestinal flora diversity increased, the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria increased, and the relative abundance of harmful bacteria decreased. Conclusion:Probiotics can lower leptin levels and alleviate leptin resistance, decrease serum TC and LDL levels, and reduce cholesterol levels in bile, thus reducing cholesterol buildup in the gallbladder and preventing stone formation.

ObjectiveTo investigate the general situation， dietary factors， and clinical features of patients with recurrent primary common bile duct stones， and to provide a basis for effective prevention of stone recurrence. MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed for 23 730 patients who underwent cholecystectomy due to cholelithiasis in Department of Hepatobiliary， Pancreatic and Spleen Surgery， Inner Mongolia People’s Hospital， from January 2013 to December 2023， and according to the presence or absence of recurrence of primary common bile duct stones after surgery， 334 patients were divided into recurrence group. The recurrence group was further analyzed based on sex in terms of recurrence rate， recurrence cycle， recurrence age， recurrence type， and general， disease， imaging， and dietary factors. The independent-samples t test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups， the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. ResultsThere were 334 cases of recurrence of primary bile duct stones after cholecystectomy， with a recurrence rate of 1.41%， and the highest frequency of recurrence cycle was observed in 10 years after surgery， with a significant difference in recurrence cycle between the male and female patients （t=5.238， P<0.001）. There was a significant difference in the recurrence rate of stones after surgery between the patients with simple gallstones and those with gallbladder and common bile duct stones at initial diagnosis （1.23% vs 2.76%， χ²=42.104， P<0.001）. The patients with recurrence aged >60 years accounted for the highest proportion in the whole population and in both male and female populations， and 92% were Han residents； 10% of the patients with recurrence had a family history of gallstones， and as for comorbidities， the patients with hypertension accounted for the highest proportion. Among the patients with recurrence， the patients with smoking or drinking accounted for 76.7% and 10.3%， respectively. As for body weight， 63.8% of the patients with recurrence had a normal body mass index （BMI）， and 23.2% of the patients were overweight； compared with body weight at the time of the first gallbladder surgery， a reduction in body weight was observed in 60.1% of the patients with recurrence， while an increase in body weight was observed in 22.9% of the patients with recurrence. There were significant differences between the male and female patients with recurrence in age composition， ethnicity， the type of place of residence， comorbidities， smoking， drinking， BMI， and the change in body weight （all P<0.001）. As for the type of stone recurrence， the ratio of multiple stones， solitary stones， and muddy stones was 74∶15∶11， and the stone size of <1 cm， 1-2 cm， and >2 cm accounted for about 40.5%， 48.8%， and 10.6%， respectively. As for the surgical procedure， the patients undergoing laparotomy accounted for 66.1%， and those undergoing laparoscopy accounted for 33.9%. The patients with various types of dyslipidemia accounted for a percentage of<30%. There were significant differences between the male and female patients with recurrence in the type of stones at initial onset， the type and size of stones， and surgical procedure （all P<0.001）. Imaging data showed that 4 patients had an abnormal structure of the bile duct， manifesting as long and curve cystic ducts， and 73.1% of the patients had common bile duct dilatation after surgery. The follow-up of dietary factors showed irregular diets in 55.8% of the patients with recurrence. As for the dietary structure， meat and staple food accounted for 43.8% and 37.8%， respectively， which showed a sex difference， with meat in male patients and staple food in female patients； 64.1% of the patients with recurrence had a high-salt and high-oil diet； 59.8% of the patients had changes in diet after the first surgery for stones， among whom 80% were able to have a regular diet， and the patients with a regular diet accounted for 92%. ConclusionThere is a relatively low recurrence rate of primary common bile duct stones in this area， and there is no sex difference. The peak of recurrence is 10 years after surgery， and recurrence of stones is mainly observed in the population aged >60 years. The analysis of dietary and clinical features can help doctors and patients to further understand the characteristics of the recurrence of primary common bile duct stones and provide a basis for subsequent targeted prevention.

Gallstone is one of the most common diseases in hepatobiliary, cholesterol gallstone is the most common type of gallstone. One of the important causes of gallstone formation is the precipitation of cholesterol crystals caused by cholesterin supersaturation. Scavenger receptor type BI (SR-BI) is a kind of multifunctional membrane receptor protein, which can mediate the selective uptake of cholesterol in liver and then affect the content of cholesterol in bile. Its role in the formation of gallstone has been initially revealed. In this paper, the relationship between the occurrence of cholesterol gallstones and scavenger receptor type B type I was summarized in order to provide new ideas for the further study of the pathogenesis of gallstone.

Objective: To identify the key pathogenic genes of leptin regulating gallbladder contraction and secretion in mice and to reveal the potential molecular mechanism by comprehensive bioinformatics. Methods: The expression profile of GSE3293 was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The data contained 8 samples, including 4 leptin-treated gallbladder samples and 4 saline-treated gallbladder samples. The most valuable 250 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained by grouping analysis of GEO online GEO 2 R-TOP 250 software or tools, and further analyzed by bioinformatics. The GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment of DEGs were analyzed by DAVID online software. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of DEGs was constructed from STRING database. Results: A total of 250 differentially expressed genes were identified from the GSE3293 dataset, of which 197 genes were up-regulated and 53 genes were down-regulated. GO analysis showed that the biological functions of DEGs were mainly concentrated on MHC class II protein complexes, plasma membrane, extracellular exosome. KEGG pathway analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly involved in tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, cell adhesion molecules, bacteriophages, infection and other signaling pathways. PPI network showed that these DEGs coded proteins interacted strongly, and the first five pairs of DEGs with the strongest correlation were screened out. Conclusions The molecular mechanism of cholelithiasis is predicted from gene level by bioinformatics analysis of function enrichment and PPI of DEGs in mouse gallbladder. However, the function of DEGs still needs a lot of clinical and molecular biological experiments to confirm.