Objective To investigate the risk factors of delayed hemolysis after treatment in patients with malaria .Methods Eighty-nine cases of malaria were retrospectively analyzed .The incidence rate , time from treatment to delayed hemolysis and clinical features of delayed hemolysis after treatment in patients with malaria were investigated .The characteristics of demography ,etiology and laboratory data were compared between delayed hemolysis group and non-delayed hemolysis group .The t test ,χ2 test and Fisher exact test were used for comparison between groups .Results A total of 89 cases of malaria infection were included and 8 cases were diagnosed with delayed hemolysis after treatment among them , with incidence rate of 8 .99% .Patients developed delayed hemolysis after anti-malarial treatment with a median of 7 .5 d and patients recovered from hemolysis after the usage of glucocorticoid with a median of 2 .5 d .The 8 cases were all infected with Plasmodium f alciparum ,and 4 of which had high parasitemia . None of the patients with delayed hemolysis came from epidemic area ,while 28 of the patients without non-delayed hemolysis came from epidemic area .The difference was statistically significant (P=0 .042 , Fisher unilateral exact test) .The average level of minimum hemoglobin was (44 .87 ± 11 .58) g/L in patients with delayed hemolysis ,which was significantly lower than that of non-delayed hemolysis group (108 .35 ± 19 .72) g/L (t= -8 .923 , P< 0 .01) .Conclusion Plasmodium falciparum infection , hyperparasitemia and having no immunity against malaria may be risk factors of delayed hemolysis after treatment .

Objective To analyze the diagnostic sensitivity and related impact factors of T cell spot test of tuberculosis (T‐SPOT .TB ) test in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS )/tuberculosis (TB) patients .Methods Ninety‐two confirmed cases with AIDS/TB coinfection were tested by T‐SPOT . TB ,and the impact of CD4+ T cells counts on the diagnostic sensitivity was analyzed .Multivariate Logistic analysis was used for the analysis of impact factors of T‐SPOT .TB sensitivity .Blood samples of 19 cases with advanced stage AIDS/TB from January 2015 to January 2016 were collected ,and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC ) were isolated by Ficoll method , and lymphocytes were isolated by Percoll method .McNemar test was used for the comparison of these two methods .Results Among the 92 patients with AIDS/TB ,T‐SPOT .TB tests were positive in 51 cases ,with positive rate of 55 .4% .The sensitivity was 26 .3% (10/38) when CD4+ T cell count less than 20/μL ,and that was 92 .9% (13/14) when CD4+ T cell more than 200/μL .In Logistic analysis ,the sensitivity of T‐SPOT .TB test in patients with extra‐pulmonary tuberculosis was better than that in pulmonary tuberculosis patients (OR=3 .042 , P=0 .038) .The sensitivity of T‐SPOT .TB was positively correlated with CD4+ T cell count ,and the sensitivity increased by 2 .889 times when CD4+ T cells increasing 100/μL (OR=3 .889 ,P=0 .016) .The percentage of lymphocytes in PBMC was also positively correlated with T‐SPOT .TB positivity ,and the sensitivity increased by 1 .393 times when the percentage increasing 30% (OR=2 .393 ,P=0 .045) .When Percoll was used for lymphocytes isolation ,the T‐SPOT .TB sensitivity was 52 .6% (10/19) ,and when Ficoll was used for PBMC isolation ,the sensitivity was 36 .8% (7/19) .The difference was not statistically significant (P=0 .375) .Conclusion The sensitivity of T‐SPOT .TB test based on lymphocytes is higher than that based on PBMC .

Objective:To investigate the influencing factors of hospitalization for pregnant women with influenza A.Methods:From December 2018 to February 2019, 261 pregnant women with influenza A were admitted to Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University. The clinical data of age, gestational period, underlying diseases, time from onset to treatment, white blood cell count and lymphocyte count of these patients were collected. Data of out-patients were compared with those of inpatients. Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the influencing factors of hospitalization in pregnant women with influenza A.Results:Among the 261 cases of pregnancy with influenza A, 36 cases (13.79%) were hospitalized, of which 10 (27.78%) were hospitalized due to severe influenza complications, the other 26 cases (72.22%) were hospitalized due to pregnancy related adverse events. The proportions of hospitalized patients with age ≥30 years old, gestational period ≥28 weeks, combined with underlying diseases and lymphocyte count <1×10 9/L were 75.00%(27/36), 83.33%(30/36), 16.67%(6/36) and 50.00%(18/36), respectively, which were significantly higher than those of out-patients (47.11%(106/225), 35.56%(80/225), 0.89%(2/225) and 13.22%(16/121), respectively; χ2=9.66, 29.05, 26.00 and 22.12, respectively, all P<0.05). The proportions of inpatients and out-patients with white blood cell count ≥4×10 9/L were 97.22%(35/36) and 97.52%(118/121), respectively, and there was no significant difference ( χ2=0.01, P=0.921). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age ≥30 years (odds ratio ( OR)=5.181, 95% confidence interval ( CI) 1.628-16.489, P=0.005), gestational period ≥28 weeks ( OR=11.054, 95% CI 3.233-37.796, P<0.01), lymphocyte count <1×10 9/L ( OR=6.864, 95% CI 2.237-20.729, P=0.001), and time from onset to treatment <24 h ( OR=0.076, 95% CI 0.012-0.468, P=0.005) were the influencing factors for hospitalization of pregnant women with influenza A. Conclusion:Age ≥30 years old, gestational period ≥28 weeks, lymphocyte count <1×10 9/L and time from onset to treatment <24 h are the influencing factors for hospitalization of pregnant women with influenza A.

2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV) outbreak is one of the public health emergency of international concern.Since the 2019-nCoV outbreak, China has been adopting strict prevention and control measures, and has achieved remarkable results in the initial stage of prevention and control.However, some imported cases and sporadic regional cases have been found, and even short-term regional epidemics have occurred, indicating that the preventing and control against the epidemic remains grim.With the change of the incidence proportion and the number of cases in children under 18 years old, some new special symptoms and complications have appeared in children patients.In addition, with the occurrence of virus mutation, it has not only attracted attention from all parties, but also proposed a new topic for the prevention and treatment of 2019-nCoV infection in children of China.Based on the second edition, the present consensus further summarizes the clinical characteristics and experience of children′s cases, and puts forward recommendations on the diagnostic criteria, laboratory examination, treatment, prevention and control of children′s cases for providing reference for further guidance of treatment of 2019-nCoV infection in children.

At present, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)infection is still rampant worldwide.As of September 10, 2021, there were about 222 million confirmed cases of corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19)and more than 4.6 million deaths worldwide.With the development of COVID-19 vaccines and the gradual vaccination worldwide, the increasing number of cases in children and unvaccinated young people has drawn attention.According to World Health Organization surveillance data, the proportion of COVID-19 infection cases in children gradually increased, and the proportion of cases in the age groups of under 5 years and 5-14 years increased from 1.0% and 2.5% in January 2020 to 2.0% and 8.7% in July 2021, respectively.At present, billions of adults have been vaccinated with various COVID-19 vaccines worldwide, and their protective effects including reducing infection and transmission, reducing severe disease and hospitalization, and reducing death, as well as high safety have been confirmed.Canada, the United States, Europe and other countries have approved the emergency COVID-19 vaccination in children and adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, and China has also approved the phased vaccination of COVID-19 vaccination in children and adolescents aged 3 to 17 years. For smooth advancement and implementation of COVID-19 vaccination in children, academic institutions, including National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children′s Health, and The Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association organized relevant experts to reach this consensus on COVID-19 vaccination in children.

The rationale for the antibiotic treatment of viral community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults was analyzed to develop a clinical reference standard for this condition. Clinical data from 166 patients diagnosed with viral pneumonia across 14 hospitals in Beijing from November 2010 to December 2017 were collected. The indications for medications were evaluated, and the rationale for the use of antibiotics was analyzed. A total of 163 (98.3%) patients with viral pneumonia were treated with antibiotics. A combination of C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) was used as markers to analyze the possible indications for antibiotic use. With threshold levels set at 0.25 µg/L for PCT and 20 mg/L for CRP, the rate of unreasonable use of antibiotics was 55.2%. By contrast, at a CRP level threshold of 60 mg/L, the rate of antibiotic misuse was 77.3%. A total of 39 of the 163 (23.9%) patients did not meet the guidelines for drug selection for viral CAP in adults. The unreasonable use of antibacterial drugs for the treatment of viral CAP in adults is a serious concern. Clinicians must reduce the unnecessary use of antibiotics.
Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use* ; Biomarkers ; Calcitonin ; Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy* ; Humans ; Pneumonia/drug therapy* ; Protein Precursors

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)infection is still worldwide.As a vulnerable group, severe and dead pediatric cases are also reported.Under this severe epidemic situation, children should be well protected.With the widespread vaccination of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in adults, the infection rate have decreased.Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 vaccine inoculation for children groups step by step is of great significance to the protection of children and the prevention and control of corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19) as a whole.But the safety of children vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is a main concern of parents.Therefore, in order to ensure the safety of vaccination and the implementation of vaccination work, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children′s Health and the Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association organized experts to interpret the main issue of parents about SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for children, in order to answer the doubts of parents.

Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease.Previous studies have shown that children are vulnerable to monkeypox and are also at high risk for severe disease or complications.In order to improve pediatricians′ understanding of monkeypox and achieve early detection, early diagnosis, early treatment and early disposal, the committee composed of more than 40 experts in the related fields of infectious diseases, pediatrics, infection control and public health formulate this expert consensus, on the basis of the latest clinical management and infection prevention and control for monkeypox released by the World Health Organization (WHO), the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of monkeypox (version 2022) issued by National Health Commission of the People′s Republic of China and other relevant documents.During the development of this consensus, multidisciplinary experts have repeatedly demonstrated the etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, treatment, discharge criteria, prevention, case management process and key points of prevention and control about monkeypox.

Since December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) infections have raged globally for more than 2 years.China has always adopted scientific and effective prevention and control measures to achieved some success.However, with the continuous variation of SARS-CoV-2 cases and imported cases from abroad, the prevention and control work has become more difficult and complex.With the variation of the mutant strain, the number of cases in children changed, and some new special symptoms and complications were found, which proposed a new topic for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children in China.Based on the third edition, the present consensus according to the characteristics of the new strain, expounded the etiology, pathology, pathogenesis, and according to the clinical characteristics and experience of children′s cases, and puts forward recommendations on the diagnostic criteria, laboratory examination, treatment, prevention and control of children′s cases for providing reference for further guidance of effective prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children in China.