Objective This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between serum leptin,adiponectin,visfatin levels and obesity and essential hypertension in female subjects.Methods According to BMI and blood pressure,206 female participants enrolled were divided into four groups:group 1:obesity and hypertension (48 cases);group 2:non-obesity but hypertension (48 cases);group 3:obesity and normotension (56 cases) and group 4:normal BMI and blood pressure (54 cases).Serum leptin,adiponectin and visfatin levels were detected and their relationships to BMI,blood pressure and waist circumference were analysed.Results Serum leptin levels were significantly higher in non-obese groups [group 2:(4.47 ±1.26) ng/L,group 4:(3.73-±1.18)ng/L] than in obese groups [group 1:(2.97 ± 1.46) ng/L,group 3:(3.02 ± 1.18) ng/L],and higher in hypertension groups than in normotension groups.Serum adiponectin levels were obviously higher in group 4 [38.99 (19.75,103.71) μg/L] than in the other three groups.There were no significant differences in adiponectin levels among group 1,2 and 3.Serum levels of visfatin were lower in normotension groups [group 3:3.19 (0.96,9.45) ng/L;group 4:3.23 (1.92,4.64) ng/L] than in hypertension groups [group 1:3.84 (3.40,5.35) ng/L;group 2:3.75 (1.63,6.67) ng/L] irrespective of obesity.Logistics regression analysis showed that there was 1.6％,8.3％,or 5.45％ increased risk for hypertension for each 1 μg/L decrease in adiponectin,1 cm increase in waist circumference,or 1 μg/L increase in visfatin level in obesity,respectively.No relationship could be viewed between leptin and hypertension.Conclusions Adiponectin and visfatin levels were correlated with obesity and blood pressure in females.Both adipokines may play a crucial role in the development of hypertension in female obesity.

Objective:To evaluate and analyze the methodology and quality of recommendations in clinical practice guidelines for frail elderly people.Methods:We systematically searched 4 databases including the PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) , China Biology Medicine Database, Wanfang Data, as well as 5 guideline websites involving Guidelines International Network, Canadian Medical Association Clinical Practice Guideline, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, New Zealand Guidelines Group, and supplemented to search Medlive. The Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and EvaluationⅡ (AGREEⅡ) and the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation-Recommendation Excellence (AGREE-REX) were used to evaluate the overall quality of the included guidelines and the quality of the recommendations respectively.Results:A total of 862 documents were retrieved, and 5 guidelines were finally included after screening. Among the overall scoring results of the guideline, there were 4 articles in Grade B and 1 article in Grade C. The average scores of 6 fields in AGREEⅡ were scope and purpose 82.2%, stakeholder involvement 54.5%, rigor of development 38.7%, clarity of presentations 83.3%, applicability 30.8% and independence 21.1%. The average scores of 3 fields in AGREE-REX were clinical applicability 73.3%, values and preferences 20.8%, and implementability 65.0%. The guideline issued by the International Conference on Frailty and Sarcopenia Research in 2019 was of the highest quality.Conclusions:Most of the guidelines come from developed countries in Europe and America, and there are no clinical practice guidelines for frail elderly people in China. The newly released guidelines have improved the quality of the methodology and guideline recommendations, but the four fields of rigor, applicability, editorial independence, values and preferences need to be improved.