SUMMARY Neuroreceptor imaging with radionuclide tracing in vivo has been greatly developed recently.Distribution,density,and activity of receptors in the brain can be visualized by the radioligands labeled for emission computed tomography(ECT),including PET(positron emission tomography)and SPECT(single photon emission computed tomography).The functional and quantitative imaging for several receptors,such as dopamine receptors,serotonin receptors,cholinergic receptors,benzodiazepine receptors,and opioid receptors,has clinical importance.The preparation of receptor imaging agents,foundation of the physio-mathematical model,and the development of nuclear medicine instruments are the main points.In the present review,we will concentrate on introducing the development of brain receptor imaging.

Objective To study bystander effect and cell death by HSV TK and ACV therapy on renal carcinoma cell lines GRC 1. Methods Different mix culture cells, which contained GRC 1/TK cells 0%、25%、50% and 100%,were treated with ACV 60 ?g/ml, the morphology and quantity of tumor cells being studied and checked with FCM and electron microscope. Results After exposure to ACV, GRC 1/TK cells, even only 25%, underwent cell death and bystander effect, but there was no obvious change in the morphology and quantity of GRC 1 cells exposed to ACV. Conclusions There were bystander effect and cell death on HSV TK and ACV therapy in renal carcinoma cell lines GRC 1. The mechanism of bystander effect may have deat with apoptosis.

ObjectiveWE transfected the recombinant expression plasmid of pcDNA3. 1-HIF-1α into the prostate cancer cells, to research the effect of HIF-1α on proliferation of prostate cancer cell PC-3.MethodsWe selected a stable expression cell line with G418 were selected by transfection of the recombinant expression plasmid of pcDNA3. 1-HIF-1α into the prostate cancer. The protein and mRNA expression of HIF-1α was assayed by western - blot and RT-PCR. The cells growth curves were described by MTT and the ability of invasion was assayed by Transwell.ResultsThe expression of HIF-1α mRNA was not obviously increased compared to the untransfected prostate cancer cell by RT-PCR, but the expression of HIF-1α protein was up-regulated by western-blot after the recombinant expression plasmid transfected into PC-3. The ability of cell proliferation and invasion was significantly enhanced by MTT and Transwell assays.ConclusionThe stable expression cell model of HIF-1α was successfully constructed, which enhanced the proliferation and invasion of prostate cancer cell PC-3.

Objective To study the mechanism of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADMSC) in treating rats ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced acute kidney injury (AKI).Methods From June 2011 to March 2012,AKI was induced in 40 male SD rats (weight 180-220 g) by clamping bilateral renal pedicles for 40 minutes.Another 8 SD rats (weight 60-80 g) were used to obtain the primary ADMSC from inguinal fat tissue.After being transferred by lentivirus,those cells were cultured for transplantation until passage two.Animals with AKI were then randomly treated by intraparenchymally injecting ADMSC/PBS solutions (ADMSC/PBS group,n =20) or PBS solutions only (PBS group,n =20) (2× 106 cells,100 μl).During injection,the solutions were injected into the upper,middle and lower part of left kidney.The HE staining from 5 rats in each group was used to detect the histological injury at 3 days and 4 weeks after injection,respectively.The apoptosis and proliferation of host renal cells were evaluated using TUNEL staining and PCNA staining.The serum levels of SCr and BUN in animals were measured at day 1,3,14 and 28 after injection.Results HE staining showed ADMSC/PBS group got a lower injury score compared with that in PBS group at 3 days and 4 weeks,respectively (2.0 vs.3.4,1.3 vs.2.6,P＜0.05).In the result of TUNEL staining,the mean number of apoptosis cells was 30 in ADMSC/PBS group and 55 in PBS group.In terms of PCNA staining,the mean number of proliferative cells was 35 in ADMSC/PBS group and 10 in PBS group.All those results suggested that ADMSC could significantly reduce apoptosis and increase proliferation of renal cell (P＜0.05,repectively).The levels of serum SCr in ADMSC/PBS group were lower than those in PBS groups at day 1,3,14 and 28,after injection,respectively (40 vs.70 μmol/L,32 vs.58 μmol/L,26 vs.38 μ mol/L,26 vs.37 μmol/L; P＜0.05).The similar results were shown in the levels of serum BUN between the 2 groups (15 vs.24 mmol/L,13 vs.20 mmol/L,10 vs.13 mmol/L,7 vs.10 mmol/L; P＜0.05).Conclusion ADMSC could repair AKI after acute I/R injury.

Objective To detect whether adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMCSs)can differentiate into renal tubular epithelial cells and be used for treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI).Methods ADMSCs were separated and cultured in vitro,and were transfected with lentivirus carrying reporter genes of firefly luciferase and monomeric red fluorescent protein (fluc-mrfp).Transfected ADMCSs (2 × l06) were directly injected into renal parenchyma after establishment of AKI models induced by ischemic reperfusion injury.Distribution and differentiation of ADMSCs in rats were detected by bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and immunofluorescent staining,respectively.Results ADMSCs had positive expressions of CD29 and CD90,rather than expressions of CD34,CD45 and CD31.Lentivirus-transduced ADMSCs had stable expressions of mrfp and fluc reporter genes.BLI showed persistent fluorescence signal in vivo even at day 14 after ADMSCs transplantation.Immunofluorescence staining further indicated that the transplanted ADMSCs could differentiate into tubular epithelial cells.Conclusion ADMSCs in vivo can differentiate into renal tubular epithelial cells,which provides an experimental basis for more researches on ADMSCs transplantation for treatment of AKI.

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy for the treatment of ureteral calculus.Methods A total of 72 cases of ureteral calculus was treated with stone fragmentation from April to November 2004,by using the Lumenis VersaPulse PowerSuite 100W Holmium Laser system and the Circon ACMI Micro Ureteroscope.Under ureteroscopic visualization,the laser lithotrite was introduced to the stones,and holmium laser intraluminal stone fragmentation was carried out. Results The operation time was 14~83 min(mean,28 min).Three cases of fragmentation failure were due to upper ureteral stones migrating to the renal pelvis.The success rate of fragmentation on one session was 95.8%(69/72),which was 92.1%(35/38) for upper segment calculi and 100%(34/34) for middle-to-lower segment calculi.Intraoperative complications included 3 cases of ureteral perforation(4.2%),9 cases of stone migration(12.5%),and 72 cases of hematuria(100%).Postoperative complications included 45 cases of lumbago(62.5%),72 cases of hematuria(100%),and 5 cases of urinary tract infection(6.9%), without ureteral stricture.The kidney,ureter,and bladder(KUB) X-ray radiograph on the first postoperative day showed a stone-free rate of 86.1%(62/72),and the remaining residual stones were thoroughly expelled within following 2 weeks.The length of postoperative hospital stay was 2~5 d(mean,3 d).Re-examinations with B-ultrasonography or intravenous urography(IVU) at 3 months after operation in 46 cases revealed no ureteral stricture.Hydronephrosis subsided by 1.4?0.5 cm in 28 cases and completely disappeared in 21 cases.Conclusions Ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy for treating ureteral calculus offers satisfactory clinical effects and low complication rates.

Objective To investigate the killing effect and molecular mechanism of different doses of ~(125)I seed interstitial brachytherapy for human hepatoma HepG2 cells in nude mice transplanted tumor.Methods Twenty nude mice bearing human hepatoma HepG2 cells were randomly divided into 4 groups (each n=5) and given ~(125)I seed interstitial brachytherapy at different doses including 18.5 MBq ~(125)I,29.6 MBq ~(125)I,37.0 MBq ~(125)I and 0 (the control group) ,respectively.~(125)I seeds were percutaneously implanted into tumors,each mouse with 1 ~(125)I seed implanted.Twenty-eight days later,nude mice were sacrificed and routine pathological examination was performed,.The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax was detected with immunohistochemical methods.Results Pathological examination showed serious coagulation necrosis of tumor cells surrounded by extensive fibrosis in all treatment groups,whereas rich tumor cells with proliferative growth were observqed in the control group.Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the expression of Bax in all treatment group were higher than that in the control group.the expression of which was up-regulated with increasing doses of ~(125)I seed.The expression of Bcl-2 and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax in all treatment groups were lower than those in the control group.the expression of which was down-regulated with increasing doses of ~(125)I seed.The expression of Bcl-2.Bax and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax among treatment groups and control group had statistical difference (P＜9.05) ,so as the difference among treatment groups (P＜0.05) .Conclusion ~(125)I seed interstitial brachytherapy induces apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells by reducing the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and thereby inhibits the growth of tumor in nude mice,and the extent positively correlates with dosage in a certain range.

Objective To study the expression and the clinical significance of Wnt signal pathway regulation factor Pygo2 in human renal cell carcinoma.Methods Using RFQ-PCR and immunohistochemical SP methods to detect Pygo2 mRNA and protein expression in 42 cases renal clear cell carcinoma and their own normal kidney tissue specimens.All specimens had a definite diagnosis by pathologic.All were renal clear cell carcinoma.The tumor diameter was 1.2-15.5 cm.The average was 7.2 cm.Among all patients,there were 7 cases with diameter ＜ 4.0 cm,9 cases 4.0-7.0 cm,26 cases ＞ 7.0 cm.Fuhrman classification:grade Ⅰ 6 cases,grade Ⅱ 17 cases,grade Ⅲ 17 cases,grade Ⅳ 2 cases.AJCC TNM stages:stage Ⅰ 16 cases,stage Ⅱ 7 cases,stage Ⅲ 7 cases,stage Ⅳ 12 cases.Statistics was done to analyze the expression difference of pygo2 between normal kidney and renal cell carcinoma,and among renal cell carcinoma within each group.Results There was higher expression of Pygo2 in renal cell carcinoma,and in the adjacent lower expression.The pygo2 mRNA expression were 2.88 ± 1.26 and 1.00 ± 0.00 in respective specimens (P ＜ 0.0001).The pygo2 protein expression were 45.53 + 24.54 and 11.02 + 1.39 in respective specimens (P ＜ 0.0001).Pygo2 expression in grading and staging were statistically significant (P ＜0.0001),but in gender,age was not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions High expression of Pygo2 was found in Fuhrman high grade,high clinical staging,lympho-metastasized renal clear cell carcinoma.Pygo2 might play an important role in the occurrence and development process in renal clear cell carcinoma.

Objective To investigate the therapeutics of solitary kidney complicated with complexcalculi,and improve the effect and safety of treatment.Methods Experiences in the treatment of 32 patients with solitary kidney complicated with complex calculi were summarized.Congenital solitary kidney was 6 cases (18.8%),postnatal reason was 26 cases(81.2%),left was 12 cases(37.5%),right was 20 cases (62.5%).All patients were with mould or multiple calculi,9 cases were complicated with ureter calculi,and 8 cases were hospitalized because of obstructive anuria.The patients with mould calculi received extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) prior to percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL).While the patients with multiple calculi received PCNL prior to ESWL. Some cases were treated by lithedialysis.Results Twenty-nine cases (90.6%)were cured by ESWL combined with PCNL 12 cases received lithodialysis during PCNL. Eight cases with obstructive anuria recovered in 12 hours after emergent ESWL or lithodialysis,3 cases(9.4%)underwent open operation because of deformity or obstruction in renal pelvis and ureter,1 case had to keep nephrostomy because of repeated infection.Followed up 4-36 months,29 cases (90.6%)kept good kidney function,3 cases(9.4%)had renal insufficiency,2 cases(6.2%)reoccurred calculi.Conclusions The therapeutics of ESWL combined with PCNL may clear complex calculi of solitary kidney effectively and safely.It is necessary to take emergent ESWL in renal obstructive calculi cases.And the patients with lower ureter obstructive calculi may take lithodialysis first.It is proper to choose open operation on the patients with deformity of renal pelvis or obstruction of ureter.

Objective To compare the outcomes of antegrade and retrograde approach ureteroscopy for impacted upper ureteric calculi and assess the safety and efficiency of the two types of minimally invasive technique. Methods A total of 106 patients with impacted upper ureteric calculi were treated with ureteroscopy. The procedure was performed via antegrade percutaneous nephrostomy tract in 50 patients (antegrade group) and via retrograde transurethral access in 56 patients (retrograde group). Results The success rate of retrograde group was 92.9% (52/56). Operating time was (45 ± 5 ) min, hospital stay was (6 ± 1) days. The stone free rate was 80.4%(45/56) at 1 month follow-up,7 patients with residual calculi required ESWL combination. Complication rate was 5.4% (3/56). The success rate of antegrade group was 100.0% (50/50). Operating time was (55 ± 8 ) min, hospital stay was (8 ± 2) days. The stone free rate was 100.0% (50/50) and no complication was noted. The stone free rate and the complication rate indicated significant difference between the two groups (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusions Antegrade and retrograde access ureteroscopy for impacted upper ureteric calculi are safe and effective. Success rate and stone free rate of antegrade approach are higher than those of retrograde approach.