Purpose To study the cytopathologic features of CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy samples and to evaluate the role of cytopathology in the diagnosis and staging of lung carcinomas, as compared to histopathology. Methods Four-hundred twenty-five specimens were collected by CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy which were also confirmed by histological diagnosis. Direct smears were performed for each case. Cytological and histological examination was carried out. Results The sensitivity, specificity, false positive rate, false negative rate and accuracy of cytopathology in diagnosing lung carcinomas by CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy was 86. 6% (264/305), 100% (120/120), 0 (0/120), 13. 4% (41/305), 90. 4% (384/425), respectively. Overall 51. 1%(135/264) of the cases were precisely typed, including 77. 6% (83/107) of adenocarcinoma, 76. 9% (40/52) of squamous cell car-cinoma and 75. 0% (9/12) of small cell carcinoma. Conclusions Cytopathology of CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy specimens is sensitive and accurate for diagnosing pulmonary carcinomas. In some cases, the lung carcinoma can be precisely typed. Therefore, it is useful for diagnosing and staging lung carcinomas.

Objective:To approach the clinicopathologic characteristics, treatment modalities, and prognosis of the patients with double primary carcinoma of endometrial carcinoma and colorectal carcinoma and analyze the relationship between this disease and Lynch syndrome. Methods:The clinicopathologic and follow-up data of 34 cases with double primary carcinoma of endometrial carci-noma and colorectal carcinoma treated in Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences were reviewed. Results:The medi-an age of the 34 patients was 51.5 years old (ranging from 39 to 76). Twenty-two of the total cases (22/34, 64.7%) had tumor family his-tory. The pathologic results indicated that 79.4%(27/34) was endometrioid adenocarcinoma. In the 34 cases, 33 were treated by surgical procedure. Of the 33 cases undergoing surgery, 17 patients with endometrial carcinoma and 19 with colorectal carcinoma received fur-ther adjuvant treatment of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. The 2-and 5-year survival rates were 84.3%and 63.1%in the 34 cases, respectively. Conclusion:The age of onset is earlier in the patients with double primary carcinoma than in those with sporadic colorec-tal carcinoma. Some cases have cancer family history, and their survival rates are similar to those of the patients with sporadic colorec-tum carcinoma. Diagnosis of some patients with double primary carcinoma may be in line with Lynch syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Recently biodegradable hydrogel has been extensively used to delivery anticancer drug and bioactive macromolecule. However, to protect the activity of the bioactive macromolecule, we need to obtain series of hydrogel which have milder hydrogelation conditions and shorter hydroglation time.OBJECTIVE: To prepare enantiomeric poly(L-Lactic acid) (PLLA)-poly(ethylene glycol (PEG)-PLLA/ poly(D-Lactic acid) (PDLA)-PEG-PDLA stereocomplex hydrogel which has shorter hydroglation time, to physically encapsulate a model drug-lysozyme and sustained release it from the hydrogel. METHODS: Triblock copolymers of PLLA-PEG-PLLA and PDLA-PEG-PDLA were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of L(D)-lactide using PEG as the initiator and Sn(Oct)2 as the catalyst. The triblock copolymers were characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, FT-IR and X-Ray diffractometry. A hydrogel was prepared from an aqueous mixture of PLLA20-PEG227-PLLA20 and PDLA21-PEG227-PDLA21 (10 wt% concentration) at room temperature for 12 hours. X-Ray diffractometry test was used to research the gelation mechanism. The release profile of the lysozyme as a model drug from the hydrogel was tested. The morphology of the freeze-dried hydrogel was investigated by scanning electron microscope. The cytotoxicity of the hydrogel was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Triblock copolymers of PLLA-PEG-PLLA and PDLA-PEG-PDLA were obtained. Both the PEG and PLA blocks in the copolymers could crystallize, but the crystallization of the PEG block was predominant. The stereocomplex formation between the PLLA and PDLA blocks within the hydrogel was confirmed by the X-Ray diffractometry analysis. The release profile of the lysozyme from the hydrogel exhibited a sustained-release pattern with a duration period of 7 days. The hydrogel exhibited a 3D interconnected porous structure with 50-100 μm pore size after being freeze-dried. The mouse fibroblast cell viability percentage was 99.3% after the cells contacted with the 100% extracted liquid for 72 hours.

Objective To explore exenatide in the treatment of metformin(MET)alone,sulfonylurea (SU)alone or MET + SU combination therapy with poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetic pa-tients and to find effective nursing measures.Methods 24 patients were randomly divided into the con-trol group and the exenatide group with 12 patients in each group.In the exenatide group,exenatide 5μg twice a day for 4weeks,then 10μg twice a day for 12 weeks.Changes of HbAlc,body weight,BMI,FBG,P2hBG,and rate of adverse reaction were compared between two groups.Results Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc),body weight,BMI,FBG,P2hBG in the control group before and after treatment showed no significant difference,while the exenatide group showed better results compared with those before treatment and the control group.Nursing intervention played evident effect on reducing adverse effect such as nausea,vomiting,diarrhea,low blood sugar,headache.Conclusions For patients with type 2 diabetes,using MET,SU alone or MET + SU combination therapy showed poor results of blood sugar control,addition of exenatide therapy can effectively control blood sugar,nursing intervention can significantly alleviate the adverse effects of patients.

In order to cultivate the students’ abilities of thinking and practicing and enhance their comprehensive abilities in microbiology experiment, the authors try to search for some new teaching ways and assessment methods in microbiology experimental teaching and also attempt to make some improvement in the textbook and adjustment in teaching schedule so as to develop the students into specialized talents.

Objective To explore the expression of TLR4/NF-κB pathway in cerebral injury resulting from DHCA ( deep hypothermia circulatory arrest ) as well as the effect of SACP ( selective antegrade cerebral perfusion). Methods Twelve pigs were randomly assigned to DHCA group (n = 6) or SACP group (n = 6) at 18 ℃ for 80 min. IL-6 was assayed by ELISA. Apoptosis and NF-κB proteins were detected by fluorescence TUNEL and Western blot, respectively. The level of TLR4 was determined through qRT-PCR and Western blot. Results Serum IL-6 level of SACP group was significantly lower at the end of circulation arrest and experiment and apoptotic index and NF-κB protein were apparently lower in SACP group (P < 0.05). The level of TLR4 protein and mRNA from SACP group decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Conclusions TLR4/NF-κB pathway plays a critical role in pathogenesis of DHCA cerebral injury and attenuating TLR4/NF-κB cytokines probably contributes to neuroprotection of SACP. TLR4/NF-κB pathway may be a novel target for DHCA.

AIM: To evaluate the effects of the extract of Buddleja officinalis eye drops in basic tears secretory volume, tear film stability, expression of androgen receptors(AR) in castrated rats with dry eye, and to investigate the therapeutic effects of extract of Buddleja officinalis on dry eye caused by gonadal hormones level imbalance. METHODS:A total of 45 Wistar masculinity rats were divided at random into 9 groups, including normal group(A1,A2 and A3), model group(B1,B2 and B3), therapy group with extract of Buddleja officinalis eye drops(C1,C2 and C3). The "1" stood for being fed for 1 month, and "2" for 2 months, and "3" for 3 months. The dry eye model was established with orchiectomy on group B,C. Group C was treated with Buddleja officinalis extract eye drops for one month. All rats were checked with Schirmer Ⅰ test (SⅠt) and tear film break-up time (BUT). Expression of AR was analyzed by flow cytometer(FCM). RESULTS:The SⅠt value of group C was significantly higher than that of group B (P<0.01) and the BUT value of group C was significantly longer than that of group B (P<0.01), which indicated the eye drop could significantly keep basic tears secretory volume and tear film stability. And the expression of AR of group C was much higher than that of group B,which showed that available composition of the eye drops maybe display androgen-like activity.CONCLUSION:The main components of extract of Buddleja officinalis is the flavonoids which could significantly inhibit happening of dry eye of rat after androgen level lowered. Its mechanism is like androgen's and it could display androgen-like activity to keep basic tears secretory volume and tear film stability.

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of thyroid fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology (TBSRTC).Methods FNAC was performed for 2043 cases and cytopathological data were retrospectively analyzed.Cytopathological diagnoses according to TBSRTC were classified as non-diagnostic,benign,atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS),follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm (FN/SFN),suspicious for malignancy(SM) and malignancy.The results of 234 FNAC samples in which surgery was performed were compared with the histological diagnoses.Results Of the 2043 FNAC samples,15.7％ (320/2043)were non-diagnostic,51.2％ (1047/2043)were benign,16.6％ (339/2043) were AUS/FLUS,2.3％ (46/2043) were FN/SFN,8.6％ (176/2043) were SM and 5.6％ (115/2043)were malignant.In 234 cases,there was follow-up histology.Rates of malignancy were as follows:non-diagnostic,18.2％ (2/11);benign (2.2％,1/45);AUS/FLUS (25.6％,10/29);FN/SFN (12.1％,10/39);SM(91.8％,56/61);malignant (100.0％,45/45).The sensitivity,specificity,false positive rate,false negative rate and overall accuracy of FNAC in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules was 87.1％(101/116),95.3％ (102/107),4.7％ (5/107),12.9％ (15/116),91.0％ (203/223).Conclusions FNAC is a reliable diagnostic method for evaluation of thyroid disease.TBSRTC is a accurate and effective reporting system for cytopathological diagnoses,so it is worthy of being widely popularized in clinical application.

The scholars at home and abroad pay great attention to the studies of specificities of acupoints, but the studies were superficial and non-systemic because of lacking to application of modern sciences and technology. There are not persuasive conclusive achievements for the specificities of acupoints and the key factors influencing the effect of acupuncture. The study of the specificities of acupoints should be concentrate on the diseases for which acupuncture and moxibustion are effective. And multiple modern sciences and techniques should be adopted to resolve the key problems about biological and physical characteristics, pathological response, effects and law of compatibility of acupoints usually selected for the diseases, and then to create the model of the theory about the specificities of acupoints and to richen and develop the theory of the specificity of acupoints.
Acupuncture Points ; Humans ; Research

Objective To explore the growth and developmental parameters and behavioral characteristics of rhesus monkeys during the first year of birth and to establish the background data.Methods A total of 18 (♂=11,♀=7 ) infant rhesus monkeys born from individually caged mothers and with known genetic background and postnatal days were monitored monthly for body weight, body height, head circumference, chest circumference, forelimb length, hind limb length, crown-rump length, tail length and anal-genital distance from postnatal day ( PND) 1 to 360, while hematology, blood chemistry and lymphocyte subsets were examined on PND 28, 175 and 360, and finger maze test was carried out on PND 208.Results The body weight showed linear growth with no significant difference between genders (P>0.05). Except for the anal-genital distance of male infants was significantly greater than that of female infants ( P<0.01 ) , no significant differences were observed between sexes in other morphological parameters.No significant differences of hematology were seen between genders (P >0.05).Compared with that at PND28, TP and BUN were significantly increased (P<0.01) while ALP decreased with no significant difference (P>0.05) at PND 175 and 360.Compared with that at PND28, CD4 +and CD4 +/CD8 +were significantly decreased ( P<0.01) while CD8+significantly increased ( P<0.01) at PND175 and 360.The number of sessions to solve task 2 in learning test was significantly greater than other tasks with females significantly less than males ( P<0.05) .The females had higher correct rate than males in the 2-day random memory test (P<0.05).Conclusions Body weight and morphological parameters show a linear growth.The PND.The RBC, HGB, LYMPH, TP, BUN, ALP, CD4 +, CD8 +and CD4 +/CD8+in hematology, blood chemistry and lymphocyte subsets show relevant changes to the growth and development of organs and systems in infants, which should be highly concerned in drug evaluation.The finger maze test indicates that female infants have better reversal learning and long-term memory than male infants.Background data and behavioral characteristics of infant rhesus monkeys during the first 12 months of birth are established in this study, which provide useful reference and support the evaluation of developmental and reproductive toxicity of drugs in rhesus monkeys.