Drug abuse and addiction are increasingly severe, which is both a serious social problem and an important medical research work. It is very significant to evaluate dependence potential of centrally acting drugs. Several lines of evidence have shown that there is a close relationship between drug sensitization and drug abuse and addiction. More attention has been directed to sensitization of abused drugs. We introduce the establishment of behavioral sensitization animal model, review neurobiological mechanisms underlying development and expression of behavioral sensitization, and further discuss the role of behavioral sensitization animal model in evaluation of drug dependence.

Objective To investigate the effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) on cardiac function in children with pneumonia complicated with heart failure.Methods Twenty-two children with pneumonia complicated with heart failure were selected in emergency room of Beijing Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from Oct.2008 to Mar.2009,aged 1 month and 15 days to 2 years and 8 months,prospective clinical study.Cardiac function[including cardiac index(CI),heart rate(HR) and stroke volume index(SVI)] before and after NCPAP 0.04-0.05 kPa for 30 minutes were monitored by ultrasonic cardiac output monitoring(USCOM).Results After the application of 0.04-0.05 kPa NCPAP for 30 minutes,the heart rate decreased signi-ficantly [(173?10) beats/min vs (151?13) beats/min P0.05].Conclusions NCPAP might improve cardiac function by increasing stroke volume index and decreasing heart rate and respiratory rate in children with pneumonia complicated with heart failure.

Vascular cognitive impairment is the most common type of cognitive dysfunction. Imaging of nervous system presents important references for the research of cognitive impairment and helps to identify different types of dementia, detect symptoms of dementia early or timely, and make a follow-up study on patient's condition progress so as to assess brain function in patients before and after treatment. Therefore, imaging of nervous system will make ever greater contributions to the study of vascular cognitive impairment.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the clinical effects of short-segment transpedicular fixation and vertebroplasty via paraspinal intermuscular approach in treating thoracolumbar fractures.

METHODSFrom January 2009 to January 2012,18 patients with thoracolumbar fractures without neurological symptoms were treated with short-segment transpedicular fixation and vertebroplasty via paraspinal intermuscular approach. There were 11 males and 7 females, aged from 52 to 76 years old with an average of 62.2 years. The duration from injuries to surgery ranged from 8 h to 7 d with an average of 4.2 d. According to the Denis fracture classification, 12 cases got compression fractures and 6 cases got burst fractures.

LOCATION6 vertebra with T12, 9 with L1, 6 with L2, and 3 with L3. Anterior vertebral body height, the sagittal Cobb angle, the sagittal index (SI), condition of internal fixation failure and recurrent kyphosis were observed.

RESULTSAll patients were followed up for 12-28 months with an average of 16.5 months. Operation time was from 80 to 130 min with a mean of 95 min and bleeding volume during operation ranged from 100 to 180 ml with a mean of 145 ml. Anterior vertebral body height ratios preoperation, 3 days after operation and final follow-up was 54.3 +/- 2.8, 90.9 +/- 1.5, 88.6 +/- 1.7, respectively; sagittal Cobb angle was (27.8 +/- 2.5) degrees, (5.3 +/- 0.8) degrees, (6.3 +/- 1.4) degrees, respectively; sagittal index was 52.3 +/- 3.8, 89.2 +/- 5.2, 86.4 +/- 4.5, respectively. Data obtained 3 days after operation obviously improved than preoperation, and there was no statistically significant difference between 3 days after operation and last follow-up. No internal fixation failure, neurological complications and recurrent kyphosis were found.

CONCLUSIONTreatment of thoracolumbar fractures with short-segment transpediclar screw fixation and vertebroplasty via paraspinal intermuscular approach can retain the posterior ligament complex and restore the mechanical strength of the anterocentral column,which proved an ideal method for preventing the failure of internal fixation and reduction of post-traumatic segmental kyphosis.

Aged ; Bone Screws ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Spinal Fractures ; surgery ; Thoracic Vertebrae ; injuries ; surgery ; Vertebroplasty ; methods

Objective To investigate the clinical features of X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)in children,and to improve the early diagnostic rate.Methods The medical records of 11 children with XLA between Dec 2003 and Nov 2011 were reviewed.Results The smallest age of 11 cases with XLA presenting the first symptoms was 0.4 years old and the oldest age was 4 years old with a mean of 2.4 years old.The first diagnosis time was at the age of 3.5 to 13 years old,with a mean of 7 years old.The age at first diagnosis in 63.6％ ( 7/11 ) of patients was more than 7 years old.Two patients ( 18.2％ ) had the family history of the similar disease.Two patients were died from the infection and 1 patient was missed.The other 8 patients were survived.Respiratory infections occurred in 100％ of the 11 patients.54.5％ (6/11 )of the patients were suffered with otitis media and digestive infections were seen in 36.4％ (4/11 ) of the patients.The levels of lgA,IgM and IgG in the serum of the pauents were all decreased.The levels of IgG in the serum of 9 patients were less than 2 g/L and in the serum of the other 2 patients were less than 2.4 g/L.The levels of CD19 in the serum were all less than 1％ and an inversed ratio of CD4/CD8 was observed in 9 patients.Eight patients were diagnosed as XLA by gene detection.Conclusion The age presenting first symptoms in children with XLA in this study is earlier than the reported data and the age at first diagnosis is later.Respiratory infection is the most common manifestation.High prevalence of otitis media and digestive infections are common.The patients with XLA rarely have the family history.The early diagosis and long-term treatment with the intravenous immunoglobulin may improve the prognosis of XLA.

Objective To investigate the influnce factors of new diagnosed abnormal glucose metabolism in patients with acute cerebral ischemic stroke .Methods One hundres and twenty stroke patients without history of diabetes were divide into large artery atherosclerotic stroke (LAA), small arterial occlusive stroke(SAO), cardiac embolic stroke(CES), undeterminined etiology stroke (UND) subgroups according to the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment(TOAST) classfication.The patients were tested oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) one week later after stroke. The impaired glucose regulation ( IGR ) and diabetes patients called the abnormal glucose metabolism group ,compare related indicators and make multivariate Logistic regression analysis .Results There were 68 patients(56.7%) with normal metabolism, 52 patients (43.3%) with abnormal glucose metabolism.Among them, 38 cases were IGR (31.7%), 14 cases were diabetes (11.7%).The rate of abnormality of impaired glucose metabolism in LAA subgroup(63.8%) was significantly higher than the other subgroups (27.3%-31.4%)(all P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference between the other subgroups .Compared with normal glucose metabolism group, age, the rate of hyperlipidemian and family history of diabetes were significant higher in abnormal glucose metabolism group (P<0.05 -0.01).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that hyperlipidemia ( OR=1.671,95%CI:1.208 -2.311,P=0.012), family history of diabetes (OR =1.421,95%CI:1.114 -1.813,P=0.042) and LAA(OR=2.825,95%CI:1.706-4.674,P=0.023) were independent risk factors of new diagnosed abnormal glucose metabolism in ischemic stroke .Conclusion There is a high prevalence of new diagnosed abnormal glucose metabolism in ischemic stroke .Hyperlipidemia , family history of diabetes and LAA are independent risk factors of it .

AIM:To obtain the fine safflower essential oil by supercritical CO_2 extraction(SFE-CO_2). METHODS: The effects of pressure, temperature and CO_2 flow rate on supercritical CO_2 extraction were studied and the safflower essential oil was analysed by GC-MS. Both yield and components of essential oil obtained by SFE-CO_2 were compared with that obtained from hydrodistillation and microwave-assisted extraction. RESULTS: The optimal conditions were determined: the pressure of 9 MPa, the temperature was at 40 ℃ and the CO_2 flow rate was 4 kg/h. The yield of essential oil by SFE-CO_2 was higher than that of hydrodistillation, the qualities of both kinds of essential oil were fine, as analysed by GC-MS. The yield of essential oil by microwave extraction was the highest, but its quality was worse than those obtained by using other methods. CONCLUSION: The SFE-CO_2 is a good method for extraction of safflower essential oils.

Objective To explore the accuracy of the ultrasonic cardiac output monitor(USCOM) device for estimation of children's cardiac output.Methods We conducted a prospective study in Beijing Children's Hospital.Sixty healthy children were enrolled in this study.We evaluated the accuracy of USCOM monitor device in the measurement of cardiac output by comparing with the measurements obtained by the M-Teichholz formula and the Doppler aortic blood flow method.Results The data from the USCOM monitor device had better consistency with those from the M-Teichholz formula (r=0.88,P<0.05),and there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the two methods.The similar results were found between the USCOM method and the Doppler aortic blood flow method (r=0.83,P<0.05).Conclusion This study shows that cardiac output monitoring by USCOM is accurate,and USCOM is a promising technique in cardiac output monitoring.

Objective To investigate the effect of variation of cesarean sections during labour and their indications on the total cesarean section rate. Methods A total of 458 cases of cesarean section was selected from January to June of 1990,1996,2002. They were divided as indication group and no indication group. The change of the indication and cesarean section rate was compared. Results The ratio of cesarean section during labour in total cesarean sections rised. The ratio was 22.0%, 20.8% and 39.4% in 1990, 1996 and 2002 respectively. The proportion of no indication surgery in 2002(63.37%) showed significant growth as compared with that of 1990 (33.84) and 1996 (32.58). Of all cases of cesarean section having indications, the rate of trial produce failure increased in 2002 (25.81%) while it was 11.45% and 16.67% in 1990 and 1996 respectively. The rate of fetal distress decreased from 25.19% (1990), 21.67% (1996) to 12.90% (2002). Conclusion Ascen ding of cesarean section rates during labour was an important factor that increased cesarean section rate in recent years. To decrease the total rates of cesarean section, many important measures should be done such as paying more attention to social factors, reinforcing propaganda and maternal health care , encouraging spontaneous vaginal delivery, emphasizing company during labour and analgesia or pain free delivery, laying stress on the management and monitoring during first stage of labour as well as psychological care.

A mutant strain L05 was screened from its parent strain Penicillium sp. PT95 by laser irradiation of protoplast. When LOS strain was incubated in Czapek' s agar plates for 20 d, both the sclerotia biomass and carotenoid content accumulated in sclerotia increased significantly compared with that of PT95 strain, and the increase rate reached respectively 98.6% and 28.3% . The carotenoid yield of L05 strain reached 381ug/plate, which was 2.54 times higher than that of PT95. The character of both sclerotia and carotenoid high productivity remained stable after three times of subculture. No sectored colony appeared during subculture.