Background Image clarity during near work is influenced by several factors,such as accommodative lag,pupil size and monochromatic aberrations.Since image clarity during extended reading at near distance has been cited as a possible inducement of myopia in childhood and a possible difference between myopic and emmetropic people throughout life,it is important to examine these factors in myopic and emmetropic myopic juvenile during reading at near distance. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships among wavefront aberrations,accommodative response and pupil size in early onset and progressive myopes eyes under the different reading status and explore the possible mechanism of the development of myopia as well. Methods Fiflyseven subjects aged from 12 to 16 years were enrolled and grouped as emmetropes,the onset of myopes and progressive myopes.Reading material were Chinese novels presented by rapid serial visual presentation at a distance of 25 cm. Accommodative response and pupil size were recorded by a Grand Seiko WV-500 autorefractor.The Image J software was used to calculate the pupil diameter.Wavefront aberrations were then measured with a WASCA wavefront analyzer. Results Aberrations and accommodative response showed large inter-subjeet variability.With accommodative stimulus of 4 diopter,the accommodative lag in the early-onset of myopes group and progressive myopes group were ( 1.72 ±0. 53) D and ( 1.74 ±0. 44) D, showing larger value in comparison with ( 0. 96 ±0. 55) D of emmetropes group( t＝4.25 ,t=4.47 ,P<0. 001). However,there were no significant differences in accommodative lag between the early-onset of myopes group and progressive myopes group( t = 0. 18, P>0. 05). The mean value of pupil diameter, total RMS value, high-order RMS value, spherical aberration and coma were all significantly reduced with the stimulus varied from 0 D to 4 D( P<0. 01). However,none of the pupil sizs,total RMS value,high-order RMS value,spherical aberration and coma had significant difference among different refractive groups( P>0. 05). Conclusion The early-onset of myopes and progressive myopes had larger accommodative lag. The lower sensitivity to defocus at near reading distance,inducing the larger accommodative lag and hyperopic defocus may be linked to the developing myopia.

Objective To investigate the geographical distribution of excessive iodine in drinking water and to demarc aI|e the excessive iodine regions in Hebei Province.Methods In 173 counties of Hebei Province, town was surveyed as an elementary unit.Five villages were sampled according to the direction of east,west, south,north,center in every town.If the water sources were more than 5 in a village,water was sampled according to the direction ofeast,west, south,north, center, respectively;If the water sources were less than 5 in a village, all were sampled:If the village used water of cental supply,only one sample wag collected.Arsenic-cerium catalysis was used to determine the iodine concentration of drinking water.Results Two thousands and forty-nine towns were investigated and 19 352 water samples were determined in Hebei Province.One hundred and seventy- two towns were confirmed to be excessive iodine areas,where the range of water iodine Wag 0.1～2840.4μg/L The water 8amDle with 18 358 had a water iodine median less than 150.0μg/L The areas with water iodine median less than 150.0μg/L,in between 150.0μg/L and less than 300.0μg/L,and equal to or more than 300.0 μg/L accounted for 94.86%,2.92%and 2.22%,respectively.There were 110 towns with water iodine median being between 150.0μg/L and iess than 300.0 μg/L and 62 towns with water iodine median equal to or more than 300 gμ/L.Exeessive iodine towns distributed in 33 counties of 6 cities involving 5 854 960 residents in'Hebei Provmce. MOBt of the water sources with excessive iodine Cangzhou were deep wells and there was a positive correlation between we depth and water iodine concentration (r=0.430,P<0.01), while they were shallow wells in Handan, Xingtai.Hengshui,and no correlation was found between well depth and water iodine concentration(r=-0.060,-0.119.-0.121,P>0.05).Conclusions Six cities have excessive iodine water resotlrees in Hebei Province, mostly in Handan.xingtai,Hengshui and Cangzhou Cities,which all are low-lying land.The water with excessive iodine is hypogene,and the towns with excessive iodine water distributein patchy or spot pattern.

Purpose To explore the effects of ploidy analysis on thoracic neoplasms based on DNA image cytometry (DNA-ICM), and to look for a meaningful novel diagnostic assay for tumor patients. Methods 4 402 patients who were diagnosed with thoracic disease were recruited in 2 years. By the DNA-ICM analysis, all the specimens were diagnosed as three types——positive, equivocal and negative ones. The results of701 specimens were compared with biopsy and clinical followup. Results DNA aneuploidy detected by DNA-ICM were65％ in confirmed malignant samples, 64％ in equivocal malignancy, and 8％ in non-malignant diseases. The comprehensive performance of DNA-ICM in malignancy was 73％, 93％, 71％, 94％ respectively for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. OR analysis found that the risk ratio of aneuploidy in malignancy was 23.236 compared to non-malignancy. Conclusion DNA-ICM can be applied in thoracic malignancy and have more potential values to be explored in oncology.

With the promoting of medicine and health system reform,it provided new requirement for the price management of medical consumbles.Based on the current statns of medical consumbles price management in China,it studied the mechanism of pricing and reimbursement of Japan and Australia.To implement the price management mode of Chinese medical consumables through optimizing China medical service item package charging,playing the function of evidence-based evaluation and economic evaluation and establishing the supervision system of medical consumable prices.

Objective To assess the relationship between the BMI and the brain DAT, and the influence of BMI on the brain SPECT imaging with 99Tcm-TRODAT-1. Methods MRI and 99Tcm-TRODAT-1SPECT imaging were performed in 31 healthy volunteers(16 males and 15 females), and then the three-dimensional reconstruction of SPECT images were completed. Based on the MRI images, right striatum (RST) and the left striatum (LST) were drawn as ROI on the 4 most clearly consecutive transverse slices.The cerebellum (CB) was taken as the background reference area and the corresponding uptake ratios of ST/CB, LST/CB and RST/CB were calculated. The Pearson correlation tests for radio-uptake ratios (ST/CB, LST/CB, RST/CB), BMI and age were performed, Then multiple linear regression analysis using ST/CB as dependent variable and BMI and age as independent variables was performed. SPSS 15.0 was used in data analysis. Results The ST imaging was symmetrical. The radioactivity was higher in the ST front area than that of the back area. The average uptake ratios of ST/CB, LST/CB, RST/CB were 1.71±0.16,1.70 ± 0. 16 and 1.72±0.17 respectively, in which the three ratios of the female were 1.74 ± 0. 18, 1.71±0. 19 and 1.76 ± 0. 19 respectively and those of the male were 1.68 t 0. 14, 1.68 ± 0. 13 and 1.69± 0.15respectively. ST/CB, LST/CB and RST/CB were negatively correlated with patients'BMI (r = -0. 53,-0.57,-0.47, all P＜0.05). The ST/CB was negatively correlated with patients' age(r=-0.39, P=0. 03). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that the BMI was significant independent variable (β=-0.53, t= -3.36, P=0. 002). Conclusions TheSTDAT,evel may decrease as patients' BMI and age increase. Females' DAT level is slightly higher than males'. For ST DAT imaging, age, gender and BMI should be all taken into consideration.

The effects of amiodarone on transmural dispersion of ventricular effective refractory periods (ERPs) in the normal and hypertrophic canine heart were investigated in vivo. By using the programmed stimulation protocol, the ERPs of epicardium (Epi), midmyocardium (Mid) and endocardium (Endo) were measured by inserting specially-designed electrodes into the three myocardial layers before and after mainlining of amiodarone. No significant ERPs-dispersion was observed in the three layers before and after mainlining of amiodarone in the normal group. In contrast, ERPs of all the three layers were prolonged in the hypertrophic heart, while the ERPs-dispersion was reduced significantly after mainlining of amiodarone. The ERPs-dispersion was significantly increased in the hypertrophic heart but not in the normal heart using "long-short" and "short-long" interval stimulation technique. It was concluded that (1) the differences in ERPs-dispersion among the three layers were significant in hypertrophic heart, and differences were not significant in normal canine heart;(2) ERPs of each three-myocardial layers were significantly prolonged after using amiodarone, but the ERPs-dispersion decreased in hypertrophic heart and (3) the programmed extrastimulus technique of "long-short" and "short-long" intervals increased the transmural ERPs-dispersion in the hypertrophic heart.

Objective To investigate the impact of S518 phosphorylation in Merlin on the interaction with CD44 in vestibular schwannoma and the tumor growth.Methods Thirty-five samples of vestibular schwannoma were identified by pathology.Immunohistopathology and western blot were employed to analyze the expression and localization of S518 phosphorylated Merlin in the tumor tissues.Nerve tissues that were collected during other surgical operation were used 118 control.The expression level of S518 phosphorylated Merlin was compared with clinical stages,tumor size,clinical course and cystic degeneration.Immunoprecipitation was used to evaluate the impact of S518 phosphorylation in Merlin on the interaction with CD44.Results In vestibular schwannoma,Merlin was phosphorylated at S518 and demonstrated perinuclear localization.The S518 phosphorylation level was much lower in the normal control nerve tissues than that in vestibular schwannoma tissues.There was no correlation between the phosphorylation level on Merlin and clinical stages,tumor size,clinical course and cystic degeneration.The S518 phosphorylated Merlin bound CD44 Was higher than wild-type Merlin bound CD44 in vestibular schwannoma tissues.Conclusions The affinity of Merlin to CD44 Was increased after phosphorylation at S518.Different cellular biological results might be triggered through binding to wild type Merlin and S518phosphorylated Merlin.

Objective To analyze the therapeutic effect and prognosis according to a new CT classification of traumatic posterior occipital epidural hematomas (POEH). Methods We classified the CT presentation of 104 patients with POEH by sinus transverses: type Ⅰ hematomas were defined as up-sinus transverses; type Ⅱ hematomas were defined as sub-sinus transverses and type Ⅲ hematomas were defined as straddling sinus transverses. The above types were divided into unilateral or bilateral subtypes. Bone flap craniotomy through a median posterior approach was performed in patients with unilateral hematoma adjacent to the midline. Bone flap craniotomy through a median suboccipital approach was adopted for patients with bilateral middle occipital hematoma. Results Type Ⅰ enjoyed mild symptoms, good curative effect and low mortality rate (7%). Type Ⅱ and Ⅲ had serious symptoms and high mortality rate (13.3%, 16.6%, respectively). Conclusion The classification of the CT presentation of POEH is helpful in confirming the diagnosis, drawing up the scheme of treatment and judging the prognosis.

Objective To explore the correlations of biochemical factors as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level with amino acid metabolism level in the blood, levels of intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA)+complement factor 3 (C3), feeding intolerance and fatiguability in children with hypotonia cerebral palsy. Methods Ninety-six children with hypotonia cerebral palsy,admitted to our hospital from January 2009 to January 2012,were chosen in our study; questionnaire was used to understand the clinical symptoms of the children; the blood ammonia level,hepatic function and IgA+C3 level were obtained from routine blood chemistry testing, and amino acid metabolism was detected by blood tandem mass spectrometry; the correlations of GABA level with amino acid metabolism level in the blood, levels of IgA+C3, feeding intolerance and fatiguability were statistically analyzed. Results In all the 96 children with hypotonia cerebral palsy,63 (65.63％) had low arginine; 52 had both decreased arginine and elevated blood ammonia levels, enjoying negative correlation (r=-0.776,P=0.000); 42 had decreased arginine and reduced levels of IgA+C3 enjoying positive correlation (r=0.351,P=0.000); both decreased arginine level and feeding intolerance were noted in 47 with positive correlation (r=0.372,P=0.000).In these 96 children,30 (31.25％) had carnitine metabolism abnormality,including decreased propionyl carnitine/free carnitine or propionyl carnitine/acetylcarnitine levels in 21 (21.88％),increased hydroxyl palmitoyl carnitine/hydroxyl Palm enoyl carnitine level in 9 (9.37％),and decreased cysteine content in 3 (3.12％). Conclusion Metabolic abnormalities of arginine,carnitine and cysteine are noted in children with hypotonia cerebral palsy; a lot of exercise will consume arginine,carnitine and cysteine,which causes fatigue; children with low blood arginine content might also have increased blood ammonia level,reduced IgA+C3 level,trends of vomiting,susceptibility to infection and feeding difficulties,and therefore,children's mental state,immune function and exercise tolerance ability are affected.

Objective To investigate the effect of glucose metabolism alteration induced by alloxan intraventricular injection on learning and memory abilities of mice, and its role in the development of AD. Methods Mice were randomly divided into high-dose alloxan intraventricular injection group (n=7, 4 mg/kg) and low-dose alloxan intraventricular injection group (n=7, 1.5 mg/kg)and control group (n=7, physiological saline); intraventricular injection of alloxan, the O-GLcNAc transferase inhibitor, was performed in the high-dose and low-dose alloxan intraventricular injection groups to interfere the brain glucose metabolism. Morris water maze was used to detect the learning and memory abilities of mice. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze the alterations of phosphorylation and O-Glycosylation of neurofilament in mice brain induced by alloxan intraventricular injection. Results In the located navigation tests, the swimming time and distance to find the platform in the mice of alloxan administration were significantly increased as compared with those in the control group (P＜ 0.05); in space exploration experiments, compared with those in the control mice, the number of crossing the hidden platform was decreased and the initial angle of entry to water was increased in the mice of alloxan administration (P＜0.05). Western blotting and immunohistochemistry displayed that phosphorylation was obviously increased and the O-Glycosylation was significantly reduced in the cytoskletal neurofilament of the mice with alloxan administration as compared with those in the control group (P＜0.05), which was similar to the alteration of neurofilament's modification in AD brain. Conclusion The inventricular injection of alloxan could impair the learning and memory of mice, which might have a relation with the dysregulation of phosphorylation and O-Glycosylation in neurofilament caused by the impaired glucose metabolism, which is similar to the alteration of phosphorylation and O-Glycosylation in neurofilament in AD brain.