OBJECTIVE: To describe the demographic and stress profile of the participants in the LIFECARE cohort.

METHODS: The Life Course Study in Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology (LIFECARE) is a community-based prospective cohort of apparently healthy individuals aged 20 to 50 years old with no preexisting cardiovascular disease. The second phase out of four phases of study involves collection of baseline socio-demographic, anthropometric, biochemical and cardiovascular parameters and stress profiles. It was conducted via face-to-face interview using a survey questionnaire.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 3072 participants from Metro Manila and 4 provinces in Luzon were recruited. The female to male ratio was 1.3:1. Majority of the participants were aged 30 years old and above. Most were married, employed and literate. Majority attained at least high school level of education. Loss of job was the most common stressor experienced in the past year. Majority of the cohort reported occasional experience of general stress and moderate level of financial stress. Occurrence of general stress within the past year was higher among females (p < 0.001), younger age-group (p=0.006), and among those who reached college level of education (p<0.001). Furthermore, level of current financial stress was high to severe among older age-group (p=0.004), and among widow/widower/separated (p<0.0001). While the relationship between psychosocial stress and physical illness had not been established in this study, there is a need to investigate demographics and psychosocial stress, and their implications in increasing adverse health outcomes in general, and cardiovascular risk in particular.

Human ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Cardiovascular Diseases-Risk Factors ; Demography

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe the socio-ecological and health profile of the Philippine LIFECARE study sites, its health care services and leading causes of mortality and morbidity.

METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study that recruited participants aged 20-50 years from Metro Manila and four provinces (Bulacan, Batangas, Quezon, Rizal). Study sites were characterized according to their geographical area, terrain and environmental profile, and available health care system.

RESULTS: 3,072 subejects were included, with male-to-female ratio of 1:1.3 and majority aged 30-50 years. Metro Manila was the most congested site. Two-thirds of the 62 villages (barangays) were rural, outside the town proper, and in lowlands. One-fourth were along coastal area. Almost all were accessible by public transportation. Majority have reduced forest cover, but were relatively safe from environmental hazards. Rural health units, hospitals, and professional health care workers were concentrated in Metro Manila. Leading cause of morbidity was respiratory tract infection, while cardiovascular diseases caused most of mortalities.

CONCLUSION: Study sites were mainly rural, outside the town proper and in lowlands, with available public transportation. There is an unequal distribution of health resources. Cardiovascular diseases is still the leading cause of mortality. The disparities in geographical access to health care play an important role in shaping human health.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services ; Delivery of Health Care ; Health Resources

OBJECTIVE: To describe the distribution of the clinical cardiovascular risk profile of the LIFECARE Philippine cohort in relation to its socio-demographic factors.

METHODS: We recruited a total of 3,072 apparently healthy participants from Manila and nearby provinces of Rizal, Batangas, Bulacan and Quezon. Face-to-face interview was done to obtain socio-demographic data. Baseline clinical parameters and biochemical tests were obtained. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was determined by sex, place of residence, level of education and employment.

RESULTS: Overall prevalence of diabetes mellitus was at 5%, similar between sexes, area class, educational attainment and employment status. More smokers were male, employed or with an elementary level of education. Prevalence of hypertension was at 14.5% and was seen more in males, urban dwellers, employed or with an elementary level of education. Dyslipidemia was seen more in males, living in the rural areas, employed or with a college level of education. Lastly, obese participants were seen more in females, living in urban areas, employed with a college level of eduction.

CONCLUSION: Older, male and employed participants who are living in the urban areas have more cardiovascular risk factors.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Cardiovascular Diseases-Risk Factors ; Demography

OBJECTIVE: To describe the self-reported preferences for food taste and cooking methods of adult Filipinos (20-50 years old).

METHODS: This is a cross-sectional community survey of 3,072 adults from Metro Manila, Bulacan, Batangas, Quezon, Rizal.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were differences in preferred tastes of males (food that tasted "just right", spicy) vs. females (salty); younger adults (sweet, spicy) vs. older adults (bland); urban (salty, spicy) vs. rural adults ("just right") adults with higher education (sweet, salty, spicy) vs. those with less schooling who liked food which tasted "just right." Smokers preferred spicy taste vs. non-smokers who liked sweet-tasting food. Adults who reported having had alcohol intake preferred spicy food. Those who reported feeling stressed liked savoury taste (sweet, salty) while those who were not stressed liked food which tasted "just right." Cooking with oil was the usual and the most preferred cooking method. Younger adults and smokers liked to use oil in cooking. Food which tasted "just right"/moderate was most preferred by adult Filipinos with hpertension or MeTS. Diabetics did not prefer sweet tasting food. More diabetics (p=0.05) and those with MeTS (p=0.003) usually use other cooking methods instead of frying. Eliciting self-reported taste preferences as well as the usual and preferred cooking methods is important for nutritional management and relevant lifestyle advice which healthcare providers should incorporate in their management of patients, especially those with hypertension, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Food ; Cooking ; Taste

Introduction: Lowering levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are proven to reduce cardiovascular risk. However, some individuals experience acute coronary events despite normal LDL-C levels. Recent studies have focused on modifiable lipoprotein targets, such as apolipoprotein B (apo-B) and apolipoprotein A-1 (apo A-1) and lipoprotein (a), as targets for therapy. Apo-B is the primary apolipoprotein of LDL-C representing total number of atherogenic particles. Apolipoprotein A-1 is the major component of HDL complex. This study will determine the prevalence of elevated apo-B and low apo A-1 among adult Filipinos with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 95 patients with ACS admitted in a tertiary hospital from November 2015 to May 2016. Levels of apo-B, apoA-1, lipoprotein (a), total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured within 24 hours upon admission. Results: Forty-eight (48%) percent of patients was diagnosed with Non ST-Elevation-ACS, 39% with ST-Elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and 13% with unstable angina.Thirtytwo (32%) percent were on low- to high-intensity statin treatment. The mean LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and HDL-C levels were 109 mg/dL, 135 mg/dL, and 36.89 mg/dL, respectively. The prevalence of elevated apo-B (mean=103.79 mg/ dL; target:<80 mg/dL) was 82%, while that of low apo A-1 (mean=119 mg/dL; target: >120 mg/dL for males, >140 mg/dL for females) was 63%. Lipoprotein (a) levels are high (mean = 48.51 nmol/L; normal:<35 nmol/L) in 42% of patients. Among those on statin therapy, the mean LDL-C was 85 mg/dl, but the mean apo B and lipoprotein (a) levels were elevated at 87.57 mg/dL and 41 nmol/L, respectively. Conclusion Elevated levels of apo B and lipoprotein (a) and low level of apo A-1 are highly prevalent in patients with ACS. Apo-B and lipoprotein (a) levels are likewise elevated among patients with normal LDL levels.
Acute Coronary Syndrome ; Apolipoproteins

Objective: To quantify the extent of hyperlipidemia and its treatment in patients with stable coronary heart disease (CHD) or an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the Philippines. Methods: The Dyslipidemia International Study (DYSIS) II was an observational, multinational study conducted in patients aged ≥18 years with stable CHD or being hospitalized with an ACS. A full lipid profile was evaluated at baseline, and for the ACS cohort, at 4 months after discharge from hospital. Achievement of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) targets and the use of lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) were assessed. Results: A total of 232 patients were enrolled from 10 centers in the Philippines, 184 with stable CHD and 48 being hospitalized with an ACS. The mean LDL-C level for the CHD patients was 88.0±40.1 mg/dL, with 33.3% achieving the target of <70 mg/dL recommended for very high-risk patients. For the ACS cohort, the mean LDL-C level was 109.0±48.5 mg/dL, with target attainment of 25.0%. The majority of the CHD cohort was being treated with LLT (97.3%), while 55.3% of the ACS patients were receiving LLT prior to hospitalization, rising to 100.0% at follow-up. There was little use of non-statins. Conclusions For these very high-risk patients from the Philippines, LDL-C target attainment was poor. Opportunities for better monitoring and treatment of these subjects are being missed.
Cholesterol ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ; Coronary Disease ; Acute Coronary Syndrome ; Myocardial Infarction

OBJECTIVE: The study determined the prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use and its association with socio-demographic and clinical characteristics among adult Filipinos aged 20-50 years.

METHODS: Data from the Philippine cohort of the Life Course Study in Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology (LIFECARE) in Luzon were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression determined the factors associated with the use of CAM.

RESULTS: A total of 3,072 participants were included: average age of 36 years, more females, mostly married, living in the rural areas, and employed. The prevalence of CAM use in this population was 43%. The commonly sought traditional medicine practitioners were manghihilot (bone setter or partera) and albularyo (herbalist), and participants used herbal medicines and supplements. Use of CAM was more likely among older participants, females, living in rural areas, had medical consultation in the last six months, experienced moderate to extreme pain, and with poor perception of general health.

CONCLUSION: The use of CAM is prevalent among apparently healthy individuals aged 20-50 years. Further studies should uncover reasons for CAM use.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged (a Person 45-64 Years Of Age) ; Adult (a Person 19-44 Years Of Age) ; Complementary Therapies ; Complementary Therapies ; Medicine, Traditional ; Herbal Medicine ; Philippines

Objective. Several studies showed that genetic factors affect responsiveness to statins among different populations. This study investigated the associations of candidate genetic variants with poor response to statins among Filipinos.

Methods. In this unmatched case-control study, dyslipidemic participants were grouped into statin responders and poor responders based on the degree of reduction in LDL-c from baseline. DNA from blood samples were genotyped and analyzed. The association of candidate variants with statin response was determined using chi-square and logistic regression analysis.

Results. We included 162 adults on statins (30 poor responders as cases, 132 good responders as controls). The following variants are nominally associated with poor response to statin among Filipinos at a per-comparison error rate of 0.05: rs173539 near CETP (OR=3.05, p=0.015), rs1800591 in MTTP (OR=3.07, p=0.021), and rs1558861 near the BUD13-ZPR1-APOA5 region (OR=5.08, p=0.004).

Conclusion. Genetic variants near CETP, MTTP and the BUD13-ZPR1-APOA5 region are associated with poor response to statins among Filipinos. Further study is recommended to test the external validity of the study in the general Filipino population.

Lipids ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

Background. Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) is a well-recognized risk factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Associated gene variants for low HDL-c have already been demonstrated in various populations. Such associations have yet to be established among Filipinos who reportedly have a much higher prevalence of low HDL-c levels compared to other races.

Objective. To determine the association of selected genetic variants and clinical factors with low HDL-c phenotype in Filipinos.

Methods. An age- and sex-matched case-control study was conducted among adult Filipino participants with serum HDL-c concentration less than 35 mg/dL (n=61) and those with HDL-c levels of more than 40 mg/dL (n=116). Genotyping was done using DNA obtained from blood samples. Candidate variants were correlated with the low HDL-c phenotype using chi-squared test and conditional logistic regression analysis.

Results. Twelve single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with low HDL-c phenotype among Filipinos with univariate regression analysis. The variant rs1260326 of glucokinase regulator (GCKR) (CT genotype: adjusted OR=5.17; p-value=0.007; TT genotype: adjusted OR=6.28; p-value=0.027) remained associated with low HDL-c phenotype, together with hypertension and elevated body mass index, after multiple regression analysis.

Conclusion. The variant rs1260326 near GCKR is associated with low HDL-c phenotype among Filipinos. Its role in the expression of low HDL-c phenotype should be further investigated prior to the development of possible clinical applications.

Cardiovascular Diseases ; Dyslipidemias ; Genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

OBJECTIVE: To establish the validity of EQ-5D-3L in Tagalog language in assessing health-related quality of life states among adult Filipinos 20-50 years old.

METHODS: A face-to-face cross-sectional community survey of apparently healthy adult Filipinos (20-50 years old) in Metro Manila and in 4 nearby provinces (Bulacan, Batangas, Quezon, Rizal) was conducted. Trained interviewers administered the Tagalog language versions of EuroQoL 5-Dimension 3 Levels (EQ-5D-3L), Short-Form 2 (SF-26V2®), and a socio-economic questionnaire. All questionnaires were pre-tested for cultural appropriateness. Concurrent validity (against the SF-36v2R®) and known group validity of the EQ-5D-3L were evaluated.

RESULTS: Complete data from 3,056 participants were analyzed. Almost half of the participants reported perfect health on EQ-5D-3L and had higher scores on all SF-36v2® domains compared to those who reported some problems on EQ-5D-3L. Compared to participants who reported some problems on EQ-5D-3L mobility (or anxiety/depression), participants who reported no problem on EQ-5D-3L mobility (or anxiety/depression) reported lower SF-36v2® Physical Functioning (or Mental Health) scores (differences of 7.1 and 10 points, respectively) that were minimally important (i.e. exceeds 5 points). Participants with poorer self-reported health had considerably lower EQ-5D index scores (p < 0.05) irrespective of their socio-demographic characteristics.

CONCLUSION: EQ-5D-3L (Tagalog) demonstrated construct and known groups validity among adult Filipinos (20-50 years old).

Human ; Philippines ; Patient Reported Outcome Measures - Validity