The karyotype of the Korean chipmunk, Eutamias sibiricus asiaticus, was identified and G-banding patterns were demonstrated fer the first time. The diploid number was 38. The autosomes consisted of 4 pairs of metacentrics, 3 pairs of submetacentrics, 4 pairs of subtelocentrics and 7 pairs of acrocentrics. The X chromosome is the second largest in the submetacentric. The Y chromosome is the smallest submetacentric. The present study confirmed and identified Eutamias sibiricus asiaticus as the Korean chipmunk.
Animal ; Female ; Karyotyping ; Korea ; Male ; Rodentia/genetics* ; Sciuridae/genetics*

Animals ; Borrelia burgdorferi ; genetics ; China ; DNA, Bacterial ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Rodentia ; microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

OBJECTIVETo investigate rodents' natural infection of Orientia tsutsugamushi (Ot) in some areas of Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, China.

METHODSDNAs were extracted from spleens of the captured mice and nested-polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) technique was used to detect the Ot-Sta56 gene. Six positive samples were sequenced and analyzed by Clustal X (5.0) and DNA Club software.

RESULTSA total of 90 rodents were captured in Inner Mongolia, and the overall prevalence of Ot was 6.67%. There was no significant difference in infection rates among the positive rodents species. 20 rodents were captured in Xinjiang, and the prevalence of Ot was 5.00%. The geographical difference in infection rates was not statistically significant between Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang. 9 rodents were captured in farmlands of Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang but there was no positive samples found. 101 rodents were captured in grasslands, and the prevalence of Ot was 6.93%. The Sta56 gene nucleotide sequence homology to Karp strain of N59 (from Microtus maximowiczii), N69 (from Cricetulus barabensis) and X33(from Cricetus cricetus) was 99%. The sequence homology to Taitung-2 strain and TW461 strain of N65 (from C. barabensis) was 94%, and the sequence homology to Taitung-2 strain and TW461 strain of N88(from Apodemus agrarius) was also 94%. The sequence homology to Oishi strain of N90 (from A. agrarius) was 96.00%.

CONCLUSIONOur findings indicated that infections of Ot did exist in rodents captured from Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang. The genotypes of Ot in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang were quite complex, with some of them belonged to Karp type, and the others belonged to Taitung-2, TW461 and Oishi types which providing evidence for further investigation on the scrub typhus fuci in the two areas.

Animals ; China ; Geography ; Orientia tsutsugamushi ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rodentia ; microbiology ; Scrub Typhus

To provide accurate information on geographic distribution of crude drug Sailonggu in the plateau, we identified zokor species (Eospalax spp.) in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using molecular methods. Based on the mitochondrial cytochrome B (cytb) gene sequences, we then extracted haplotypes from these sequences and reconstructed phylogenetic trees for the haplotypes using both maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. Based on the trees, the species of each sample were determined. Five hundred and three samples from 35 populations were sequenced and their whole cytb sequences (1140 bp) were obtained. From these sequences 150 haplotypes were detected, in which, 126 were Eospalax baileyi, 20 were E. cansus, and 4 were E. smithi of the 35 populations, 28 were E. baileyi type, 5 were E. cansus type, and the remaining 2 were mixed of E. baileyi + E. cansus (DT2) and E. baileyi + E. smithi (ZN3). The results showed that, the regions around the Qinghai lake and near the upper stream of Yellow River started at Guide could be viewed as the producing area of authentic Sailonggu, and also, the cytb gene is a powerful molecular marker to determine the species of zokors as well as for the authentication of geographic distribution of Sailonggu.
Animals ; Bone and Bones ; metabolism ; Haplotypes ; Medicine, Tibetan Traditional ; Phylogeny ; Rodentia ; classification ; genetics

BACKGROUNDChina is the most severe endemic area of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the world with 30,000-50,000 cases reported annually, which accounts for more than 90% of total number of cases worldwide. The incidence rate of the syndrome in Shandong Province is one of the highest in China, which has ever reached 50 per 100,000 persons per year. However, the molecular characteristics of hantaviruses (HV) epidemic in Shandong Province remain unclear. Therefore it is useful to clarify nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic characteristics of HV isolated in Shandong Province in order to provide better advices to control and prevent HFRS.

METHODSRNAs were extracted from sera of clinically diagnosed patients and positive rodent lungs that were detected by indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA). Partial M segments of HV were amplified from the RNAs with reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reactions (nested PCR) using hantavirus genotype specific primers. The nested PCR products were sequenced and compared with those from previously epidemic isolates in Shandong and with other representative HV sequences from GenBank. Phylogenetic tree analyses were performed based on the sequences of the M genes.

RESULTSThirty-four HV isolates in Shandong showed 67.1%-100% nucleotide identities. The nucleotide homologies among 6 Hantaan viruses (HTNV) isolates in Shandong were 78.1%-98.7%, while the homologies among 28 Seoul virus (SEOV) isolates in Shandong were 93.7%-100%. There were at least 3 subtypes HTNV (H2, H5, H9) and 2 subtypes SEOV (S2, S3) in Shandong Province.

CONCLUSIONSIn Shandong Province, the homologies of HTNV were lower and there were no predominant subtypes, while the homologies of SEOV were higher and S3 was the predominant subtype. The homologies of SEOV from rodents were higher than those from patients. The distribution of subtypes in Shandong was similar to that of the adjoining provinces. Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences showed geographic clustering of HV in Shandong.

Animals ; Antigens, Viral ; analysis ; Base Sequence ; Genetic Variation ; Hantavirus ; classification ; genetics ; Humans ; Lung ; virology ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Viral ; analysis ; Rodentia ; virology

Animals ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Reservoirs ; Hepatitis E ; epidemiology ; transmission ; Hepatitis E virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Rodentia ; virology ; Swine ; virology

Objective: To study the molecular epidemiological characteristics and genotypes of hantavirus carried by rodents in Shenzhen. Methods: Rodents were captured, and their lung samples were collected and grinded for RNA extraction. The hantavirus positive samples were classified by real-time fluorescence PCR. Rat lung nucleic acid samples were selected to amplify the nucleotide sequences of partial M fragments (G2 segment) and S fragments by reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nested PCR). The PCR products were then sequenced and homology and phylogenetic tree analyses were conducted. Results: A total of 200 rodents were captured, including 189 Rattus norvegicus, 9 Rattus flavipectus and 2 Mus musculus. The positive rate of hantavirus was 21.0% (42/200), all of the isolates were seoul virus (SEOV) strains. The positive rate of hantavirus in Bao'an district was highest (45.7%), and the difference in detection rate among districts were significant (χ²=25.60,P<0.05). A total of 25 G2 segment sequences and S fragment sequences of SEOV were obtained by virus gene sequencing, and their nucleotide homology was 95.3%-100.0% and 97.6%-100.0%, respectively. Compared with other reference sequences of S2 subtype, the nucleotide homology between the sample sequence and the reference sequence from Guangzhou was high. Analysis on nucleotide homology and phylogenetic tree showed that hantavirus carried by the rodents captured in Shenzhen belonged to SEOV S2 subtype. Analysis on amino acid variation sites revealed that there was a variation in the nucleocapsid protein encoded by S gene from Alanine to Threonine at the 973 position of BA-111. Conclusion: Hantavirus carried by rodents in Shenzhen belongs to S2 subtype of Seoul virus, which have little variation compared with the hantavirus strains obtained in other years in Shenzhen and surrounding provinces.
Mice ; Rats ; Animals ; Orthohantavirus/genetics* ; Rodentia ; Phylogeny ; Hantavirus Infections/veterinary* ; Communicable Diseases ; Nucleotides ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

OBJECTIVETo investigate the prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in small mammals from the forest area of Hengduan Mountains in southwestern China.

METHODSSmall mammals captured from Gaoligong and Xianggelila mountainous area of Yunnan province were detected by PCR amplification. The sequences of 16S rRNA and Msp4 gene fragments from positive samples were compared with corresponding sequences deposited in GenBank.

RESULTSA total number of 436 small animals, which belongs to 5 orders 18 genera 35 species were tested, 32 (7.34%) were positive in 6 genera 11 species. There were 8.64% (26/301) positive in 25 species at Goligong mountainous areas, and 4.44% (6/135) were positive in 19 species at the Xianggelila mountainous areas. Positive small mammals were most rodents. The nucleotide sequences of A.phagocytophilum 16S rRNA gene amplified from small mammals varied from 99% - 100% and were 99% - 100% similar with the corresponding segments of A. phagocytophilum from Jilin deposited in GeneBank. The sequences of A. phagocytophilum Msp4 gene showed that there was 95% - 97% similarity with the corresponding sequences registered in GenBank.

CONCLUSIONA. phagocytophilum was firstly identified in 6 genera 11 species small mammals from a forest area of Hengduan Mountainous areas in southwestern China. Rodents might serve as the primary hosts indicating the potential risk to the domestic animals and human beings in this area.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum ; classification ; genetics ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; China ; epidemiology ; DNA, Bacterial ; genetics ; Ehrlichiosis ; epidemiology ; veterinary ; Molecular Sequence Data ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; genetics ; Rodentia ; microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

OBJECTIVETo analyze the genetic evolution and bacterial type changes of Yersinia enterocolitica in the Ningxia area between year 1984 and 2011.

METHODSA total of 296 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica was collected from diarrhea patients, pig, rodents, sheep and dogs between year 1984 and 2011. The serotype, biotype, ail, ystA, ystB, yadA, virF and other toxic genes were detected. The PFGE subtypes of serotype O:3 and O:9 strains and the cluster features were analyzed.

RESULTSOut of 296 Yersinia enterocolitica strains, pig was the main host, accounting for 65.20% (193/296), followed by rodents, accounting for 32.43% (96/296). Serotype and biotype had their own respective dominant types in different periods. During 1984 and 1985, 2 strains of serotype O:3 and 3 strains of serotype O:9 were isolated, all belonged to biotype 3. Because of lack of strains, there were no obvious dominant types found. Between 1997 and 1999, 177 strains of serotype O:9 Yersinia enterocolitica were isolated as the dominant strain; and there were 178 strains of biotype 2 Yersinia enterocolitica were found. During 2007 and 2011, 54 strains of serotype O:3 Yersinia enterocolitica were isolated as dominant strain; followed by 26 strains of serotype O:5. There were separately 44 and 59 strains of biotype 1A and biotype 3. The PCR test divided the 248 strains into 4 types, including pathogenic strains as type I (ail(+), ystA(+), ystB(-), yadA(+), virF(+)). The PFGE divided the serotype O:3 into 12 types, in which K6GN11C30021 and K6GN11C30012 were the dominant types, accounting for 63.64% (42/66). The serotype O:9 were divided into 14 types, in which K6GN11C90010, K6GN11C90008, K6GN11C30018 and K6GN11C90003 were the dominant types, accounting for 89.01% (162/182).

CONCLUSIONThe different serotypes of isolated strains in Ningxia district showed different dominant bacteria in different periods; while the biotypes also changed with serotypes. The Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from different years showed great variation.

Animals ; DNA, Bacterial ; genetics ; Dogs ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Rodentia ; Sheep ; Swine ; Yersinia Infections ; microbiology ; Yersinia enterocolitica ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification

In order to analyze the molecular epidemiology of Hantavirus (HV) in Zhejiang Province, the complete M and S genome sequences of 12 HV strains from different hosts and locations in Zhejiang Province of China during the period of 1981-2007 were analyzed on genetic evolution by DNAstar and MEGA 4.0 software in this research. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that HTN and SEO strains were co-circulating in Zhejiang Province, and the difference in sequence similarity and the phylogeny was closely related to the isolated regions, but had no distinct relationship with the isolate year and the host, indicating a relationship between epidemiology of HFRS and the distribution region, especially in HTNV. The isolates in the same region could be assigned in same or near phylogenetic clade sharing high sequence similarity. Interestingly, the Gou3 strain and ZJ5 strain isolated from Jiande region in Zhejiang Province formed a distinct phylogenetic lineage in SEOV clade, and different from the other SEOV variants outside China. We believed that the special SEOV variants were distributed in Jiande region.
Animals ; China ; Disease Reservoirs ; virology ; Evolution, Molecular ; Hantavirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Hantavirus Infections ; virology ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Rodentia ; virology ; Viral Proteins ; genetics