Occupational Exposure ; prevention & control ; Risk Assessment ; methods

Occupational Exposure ; prevention & control ; Risk Assessment ; methods

Adverse outcome pathway (AOP) was a conceptual construct that integrated existing knowledge concerning the pathway of causal linkages between a molecular initiating event (MIE) and a final adverse effect at individual or population levels. The AOP methodology could be used as a basis for effects extrapolation and was an approach towards providing a framework for collecting and evaluating relevant chemical, biological and toxicological information. The framework would play an important role in risk assessment. We reviewed the concept of AOP, the development and assessment of the framework and the established models in toxicology researches. And the prospects and challenges of its application in toxicology were also introduced.
Research Design ; Risk Assessment ; Toxicology ; methods

Hazardous Substances ; Risk Assessment ; methods ; Workplace

This paper introduced the Revised Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool RoB2.0 for cluster-randomized control trials (CRCT) and compared RoB2.0 of CRCT with individually randomized, parallel group trials, and illustrated the application of RoB2.0 for CRCT in a published CRCT. Special signal questions were designed for CRCT according to its specialty that different from individually randomized, parallel group trials in RoB2.0 and also providing information on risk of bias about CRCT in systematic reviews for the synthesis of evidence.
Bias ; Humans ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Risk ; Risk Assessment/methods*

BACKGROUND: Cystatin C, a 13-kDa protein synthesized in all nucleated cells, has been proposed as a replacement for serum creatinine in assessments of renal function. The Gentian Cystatin C immunoassay (Gentian, Norway) was recently developed using particle enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay. In this study, we evaluated the analytical performance of the Gentian Cystatin C immunoassay on the Hitachi 7600 Automatic Analyzer (Hitachi Ltd., Japan). METHODS: We performed precision and linearity studies using Hitachi Clinical Analyzer 7600 with Gentian reagent and compared the results to those obtained with the N Latex Cystatin C (Siemens, Germany) using a particle enhanced nephelometric immunoassay method performed on the Behring Nephelometer II (Siemens, Germany). We also analyzed the traceability of Gentian reagent and Siemens reagent to Cystatin C standard reference material, ERM-DA471/IFCC. RESULTS: The coefficient of variations (CVs) for within-run imprecision at low and high levels were 1.58% and 1.06% and the CVs for total imprecision at low and high levels were 2.53% and 2.09%, respectively. In the linearity test, the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.9997 (range, 0.23 to 7.50 mg/L), and comparison with the results obtained by Siemens reagent showed an excellent correlation coefficient of 0.9982. In the traceability test, Gentian reagent is more accurate than Siemens reagent and the total accuracy was 96.0%. CONCLUSIONS: Gentian reagent provides good analytic performance on the Hitachi 7600 Automatic Analyzer and can be used for the diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, and risk assessment of renal function.
Creatinine ; Cystatin C* ; Diagnosis ; Gentiana* ; Immunoassay ; Latex ; Methods ; Risk Assessment

In this paper, some main classification methods are analyzed in detail and some issues need to be further discussed are put forward.
Equipment and Supplies ; classification ; Organization and Administration ; Risk Assessment ; methods

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; epidemiology ; Epidemiologic Methods ; Humans ; Risk Assessment

Food safety in China has been significantly improved since the melamine crisis in 2008 and the promulgation of the first Food Safety Law in 2009. However, food safety is a long standing issue in China due to the backward productive structure of agriculture and food business. In order to further improve the food safety in China, it is critical to reach a consensus on the leading edge concept of food safety and the identification of priority areas based on the concept. The leading edge concept of food safety aims to prevent potential issues and deal with current issues based on the risk, i.e. risk-based approach, as opposed to the concept based on the hazard, i.e. hazard-based approach. Practice is to determine the key problems that need to be solved first according to the concept. This paper expounds the different food safety management strategies and measures caused by the two concepts, and lists several key food safety problems (importance and solutions) determined according to the concept of "risk-based". These examples include foodborne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms, antimicrobial resistance, food allergen control, risk assessment of multiple chemical hazards exposure and alternative methods in food toxicology.
China ; Food ; Food Safety/methods* ; Foodborne Diseases ; Humans ; Risk Assessment

Risks exist in medicine related fields, which cannot be defined and quantified precisely. It is necessary to adopt a method for the risk assessment of uncertain and fuzzy phenomenon. This paper summarizes the thinking, procedure, advantage and application of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process in the risk assessment in medicine related fields for the purpose of providing reference for its further application.
Analytic Hierarchy Process ; Fuzzy Logic ; Humans ; Risk Assessment/methods*