Objective To observe the long-term effects of maternal mild hyperglycemia on the growing development and glucose and lipid metabolism in intergenerational rat offspring.Methods Streptozotocin (25 mg/kg) was administered to 14 pregnant Wistar rats intraperitoneally on the first day of gestation to induce an animal model of mild intrauterine hyperglycemia,which was successful in nine rats.Seven pregnant rats without streptozotocin intervention served as controls.Female first-generation offspring (F1) rats were intercrossed with normal male rats to obtain the second-generation offspring (F2) rats.F1 and F2 rats were divided into 8 groups:female group (group F1-G-♀) or male group (group F1-G-♂) exposed to intrauterine hyperglycemia;female group (group F1-C-♀) or male group (group F1-C-♂) exposed to intrauterine euglycemia;transgenerational female group (group F2-G-♀) or male group (group F2-G ♂)exposed to intrauterine hyperglycemia;and transgenerational female group (group F2-C-♀) or male group (group F2-C-♂) exposed to intrauterine euglycemia.Body weight of the offspring was recorded.At the age of 28 weeks,the weight of pancreas and visceral fat,fasting plasma glucose (FPG),fasting insulin,total triglyceride,total cholesterol,high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were measured in all groups.Two sample t test was used for statistical analysis.Results (1) At 4,24 and 28 weeks old,the body weight of group F2-G-♀ [(177.3± 12.3),(314.5± 13.9) and (322.3± 16.2) g] was remarkably increased compared with group F2-C-♀ [(164.3±6.0),(290.2± 18.3) and (300.2± 16.2) g,t=-2.324,-2.584and-2.359,all P ＜ 0.05].(2) At 28 weeks,the pancreas weight and the ratio of pancreas weight to body weight of group F1-G-♀ [(0.53 ±0.05) g and (0.17±0.02)％] were decreased significantly compared with group F1-C-♀ [(0.65±0.04) g and (0.21±0.02)％,t=4.159 and 2.483,both P ＜ 0.05].The pancreas weight,ratio of pancreas weight to body weight,visceral fat weight and fat weight of mass ratio in groups F2-G-♂ and F2-G-♀ were not remarkably different from groups F2-C-♂ and F2-C-♀,respectively (all P ＞ 0.05).(3)The level of FPG at three weeks of age in F2-G-♀ group was higher than in F2-C-♀ group [(6.5±0.8) vs (4.9±1.2) mmol/L,t=-2.786,P ＜ 0.05],and it was also higher in F2-G-♂ group than in F2-C-♂ group [(6.3±0.8) vs (4.7± 1.0) mmol/L,t=-2.696,P ＜ 0.05].At 28 weeks,the FPG level was (6.7±0.6) and (8.4±2.2) mmol/L in F2-G-♀ and F2-G-♂ groups,being higher than in F2-C-♀ and F2-C-♂ groups,respectively [(5.8±0.5) and (6.2± 1.0) mmol/L,t=-2.695 and-2.337,both P ＜ 0.05].Compared with F1-C-♀ group [(0.61 ±0.10) mmol/L],the high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level was lower in F1-G-♀ group [(0.47±0.05) mmol/L,t=2.433,P ＜ 0.05].(4) In groups F1-G-♀,F2-G-♀ and F2-G-♂,the structure of the islet cells was obviously atrophic and disordered,and β-cells were slightly decreased and distributed unevenly,but group F1-G-♂ had significantly increased β-cells with hypertrophic islet size compared with control group.Conclusions F 1 rat offsprings exposed to mild intrauterine hyperglycemia experience excessive weight gain after birth,impaired structure of the islet,metabolic abnormality,increased visceral fat weight and glucose and lipid metabolism disorder,which show intergenerational inheritance and gender differences.

Objective To investigate the relationship between anesthetic factors and intestinal injury in the patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).Methods Ninety American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients of both sexes,aged 18-64 yr,with New York Heart Association grade Ⅱ or Ⅲ,undergoing elective cardiac surgery with CPB,were divided into 2 groups (n =45 each) using a random number table:propofol-based anesthesia group (group P) and sevoflurane-based anesthesia group (group S).CPB was established routinely after anesthesia induction.Before induction (T0),immediately after aortic unclamping (T1),at 30 min after aortic unclamping (T2) and at 2 h after discontinuation of CPB (T3),blood samples were collected from the radial artery for determination of the plasma endotoxin,D-lactic acid,diamine oxidase (DAO) and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (Ⅰ-FABP) concentrations (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6),IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-o) concentrations (using radio-immunity method).Results Compared with the baseline at T0,the concentrations of plasma endotoxin,D-lactic acid,DAO,TNF-α,IL-6,IL-8 and I-FABP were significantly increased at T1-T3 in both groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group P,the concentrations of plasma endotoxin,D-lactic acid,DAO,TNF-α,IL-6,IL-8 and I-FABP were significantly decreased at T1-T3 in group S (P＜0.05).Conclusion Anesthetic factors are related to intestinal injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB.Compared with propofol-based anesthesia,sevoflurane-based anesthesia is helpful in reducing the inflammatory response and in decreasing the degree of intestinal injury and is more suitable for the cardiac surgery with CPB.

Through surveying the hospital′s operation situation and management process of the simple clinic , and outpatient quantity in January to March 2016, we discussed and analyzed the problem of the simple clinic when working , then promoted service process reengineering , so as to the hospital′s simple clinic come into being scientific , reasonable , system management model .

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics (social background,comorbidity,complications and outcomes of pregnancy) of multipara in Beijing area.Methods A systematic cluster sampling survey was conducted on 15 194 pregnant women who gave birth at 15 hospitals in Beijing from January to June in 2013.The age,gestational weeks at delivery,education background,geographical distribution,health insurance coverage,mode of delivery,comorbidity and complications of pregnancy,pregnant outcomes and other relevant clinical data were collected and analyzed with two-sample t test or Chi-square test.Results The proportion of multipara in Beijing area was 21.12％ (3 209/15 194),the per capita number of delivery was 1.23 (18 745/15 194).The ratio of women with higher education background,average monthly household income over 3 000 yuan,urban residence and social insurance in multipara were much lower than those in primipara (all P＜0.05).The mean maternal age of multipara was (30.02±4.88) years,pre-pregnancy body mass index was 22.24 ± 3.48,which were all higher than those of primipara [(27.82 ± 4.03) years and 21.54 ± 3.29,respectively,t=23.440 and 11.115,all P＜0.01].And the gestational weeks at delivery and mean weight gain during pregnancy of multipara was less than that of primipara [(39.15 ±1.67) vs (39.49 ± 1.67) weeks,t=-14.044,P=0.000;(14.66±6.24) vs (15.81 ± 5.86) kg,t=-9.448,P=0.000],while the levels of total cholesterol,triglyceride and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and the incidence of macrosomia were significantly higher [(5.59± 1.14) vs (5.24± 1.15) mmol/L,(2.31± 1.38) vs (1.96± 1.34) mmol/L,(3.03±0.91) vs (2.82±0.87) mmol/L,t=12.867,15.718 and 10.275,all P＜0.01;9.29％ (298/3 209) vs 7.24％ (868/11 985),x2=14.926,P=0.000].Significantly lower incidences of abnormal amniotic fluid volume,premature rupture of membranes,fetal distress,abnormal labor and vaginal delivery (all P ＜ 0.01),but higher neonatal birth weight [(3 374.38 ±504.57) vs (3 328.39±488.70) g,t=4.839,P=0.000] and cesarean section rate [45.96％ (1 475/3 209) vs 42.49％(5 092/11 985),x2=12.477,P＜0.01] were found in multipara than in primipara.Compared with primipara,multipara had higher incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus,diabetes during pregnancy,pregnancy complicated with cardiovascular problems,hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy [adjusted OR(95％CI):1.265 (1.135-1.411),1.799 (1.215 2.663),1.567 (1.221-2.347),1.647 (1.300-2.086),all P＜0.01].Conclusions The primipara is the major reproductive population in Beijing area.However,the multipara requires close antenatal care because of their susceptibility to pregnant complications.

Eight-year-system medical education is a kind of elite education. The object of this education model is to train medical personnel with medical doctorate. Forensic science is a highly practical medical discipline, closely related with the clinical medicine. This paper performs some explorations of the role of forensic science in 8-year-program medical education. Eight-year-program medical education should be combined with the high practicality of forensic science. For the Eight-year-program students, we should focus on cultivating their creative ability, practical ability, and sense of self-protection.

As children are extremely sensitive to the bad taste of medicine,they have poor compliance with the bitter medicine.It is of great importance to develop the approaches of taste masking for the research of paediatric drug formulations.Besides,taste masking technology is one of the main barrier to develop children pharmaceutic preparation.This article provides an overview of the advance in taste masking technology of oral paediatric medicine in recent years,and introduces five types of taste masking technology in terms of drug,preparation and the bitter taste transduction,including principle and characteristics of these approaches,as well as their application in formulations,so as to provide some references for the development of paediatric medicine.

The aim of the eight year medical education program is to cultivate high-leveled and high qualified clinical and research personnel.Constructing forensic interest group for medical students of eight year program can not only cultivate the students' English learning,innovative thinking and practice ability,which is their Achilles heel but also combine eight year medical education with forensic science teaching reform.

ObjectiveTo investigate the influence of pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) on lipid variations of first and third trimester.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on 2 593 singleton pregnant women without diabetes from 15 hospitals in Beijing from June 20 to November 30 in 2013. Serum lipid levels were determined in all of these women at the first trimester (<14 weeks) and the third trimester (≥28 weeks). Demographic data and medical information were collected individually through questionnaires. The recruited gravidas were divided into normal pre-pregnant BMI group (BMI<25) and pre-pregnant overweight and obese group (BMI≥25) according to recommendations of the Institute of Medicine (IOM). Based on the same recommendations on normal GWG, the pregnant women in the two groups were further assigned to two subgroups including normal GWG and over GWG group. The serum lipid levels in both first and third trimester and the increases from first to third trimester were compared between the normal and abnormal BMI groups with two independent samplet-test.Results(1) The levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in the third trimester were all significantly higher than those in the first trimester in the normal BMI group [(6.47±1.17) vs (4.63±0.80), (3.14±1.19) vs (1.22±0.70), (1.94±0.44) vs (1.85±0.49) and (3.56±1.00) vs (2.29±0.67) mmol/L,t=-61.250,-65.909,-6.448 and-49.952, allP<0.01]. And the same results were shown in the abnormal BMI group [(6.20±1.14) vs (4.75±0.88), (3.31±1.20) vs (1.44±0.70), (1.86±0.44) vs (1.65±0.37) and (3.30±0.89) vs (2.51±0.82) mmol/L, t=-18.756,-25.165,-6.905 and-12.191,allP<0.01]. Significant differences were identified between the normal and abnormal pre-pregnant BMI groups both in first and third trimester (allP<0.05). (2) The increases of TC from early to late pregnancy in the abnormal BMI group was lower than that in the normal BMI group [(1.45±1.01) vs (1.84±1.02) mmol/L,t=6.664,P<0.01], but the increase of HDL-C was higher [(0.21±0.39) vs (0.09±0.51) mmol/L,t=-4.301,P<0.01]. (3) In the normal BMI group, the increase of TC and HDL-C between the third and the first trimester was lower in the over GWG subgroups than in the normal GWG subgroups [(1.77±0.96) vs (1.89±1.05) mmo/L,t=-2.802,P=0.005; (0.06±0.41) vs (0.12±0.58) mmo/L,t=-2.588,P=0.010], but the increase of TG was higher [(2.00±1.07) vs (1.86± 1.18) mmo/L,t=3.015,P=0.003]. While in the abnormal BMI group, smaller increase of HDL-C was found in the over GWG subgroup than in the normal GWG subgroup [(0.17±0.35) vs (0.29±0.44) mmo/L,t=-2.664, P=0.008].ConclusionsThe lipid levels during pregnancy are significantly higher in late pregnancy than in early pregnancy. Pre-pregnancy BMI has much more effect on lipid variations during pregnancy than GWG, which primarily affect the lipid levels of women with normal pre-pregnancy BMI.

Objective To investigate the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and perinatal outcome in Beijing in 2013. Methods Fifteen hospitals in Beijing were selected by systematic and cluster sampling method. Clinical data of 15 194 pregnant women who attended prenatal care and delivered in these hospitals between June 20 and November 30, 2013 were collected. And 2 987 pregnant women were diagnosed with GDM (GDM group), and 11 999 had no diabetes (non-GDM group). The incidence of GDM, perinatal outcome and complications in mother and infant were compared between the two groups. Two independent samples t-test and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results The incidence of GDM in Beijing was 19.7%(2 987/15 194). The average age was much higher in GDM group than in non-GDM group [(29.4±4.5) vs (28.0±4.2) years, t=285.705, P<0.05]. The pre-pregnancy weight was much higher in GDM group than in non-GDM group [(59.5±10.2) vs (56.1±8.6) kg, t=352.565, P<0.05]. The incidence of GDM in pre-pregnancy overweight and obese women [29.9%(664/2 230) and 38.8%(250/664)] was much higher than in normal pre-pregnancy weight and low pre-pregnancy weight women [18.0%(1 777/9 890) and 12.9%(273/2 118)] (χ2=296.843, P<0.05). The incidence of GDM in pluripara was higher than in primipara [21.2% (910/4 298) vs 19.4%(2 077/10 688),χ2=5.813, P<0.05]. The incidence of GDM in gradeⅢhospitals was higher than in grade Ⅱ hospitals [21.1% (1 654/7 849) vs 18.7% (1 333/7 173), χ2=13.440, P<0.05]; and the incidence in urban areas was higher than in rural areas [21.3%(2 028/9 521) vs 17.1%(896/5 249),χ2=39.137, P<0.05]. The rate of cesarean section was 47.1%(1 407/2 987) in GDM group, significantly higher than in non-GDM group [39.8% (4 782/11 999)] (χ2=72.204, P<0.05). The incidences of preterm labor [7.3%(217/2 987)], hypertensive disorders [6.3%(185/2 987)], large-for-gestational-age infants [9.2%(275/2 987)], macrosomia [9.5%(283/2 987)] and neonatal ward admission [8.6%(258/2 987)] were all significantly higher in GDM group than in non-GDM group [5.7%(686/11 999), 3.9%(454/11 999), 5.8%(694/11 999), 7.2%(861/11 999), and 6.5%(778/11 999), respectively] (χ2=10.117, 34.371, 79.378, 20.346 and 17.236, respectively, all P<0.05). Conclusions The incidence of GDM is still high in Beijing, and advanced maternal age and pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity are high risk factors for GDM. The rate of preterm labor, hypertensive disorders, and macrosomia in GDM group is higher than in normal fasting glucose group. Systematic obstetric care for GDM should be intensified in Beijing.

Objective: To explore the characteristics of maternal glucose and lipid metabolism in twin pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: The clinical features of twin and singleton pregnancies complicated by GDM, which delivered in Peking University First Hospital from January 1st, 2012 to December 31st, 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 286 twin pregnancies with GDM (GDM-T group) were collected, and 572 singleton pregnancies complicated by GDM (GDM-S group) which were matched by delivery time in a ratio of 1∶2 among all singleton pregnancies with GDM. The characteristics of maternal glucolipid metabolism in the second trimesters of pregnancy was compared between two groups. Results: (1) Compared with GDM-S group, the maternal delivery age were lower [(32±4), (33±4) years] and prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) were higher [(24±4), (23±4) kg/m²] in GDM-T group, the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The incidence of chronic hypertension was found no significant difference (P=0.581). (2) The 3 points of glucose values in 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and OGTT-area under curve (AUC) had no significant difference between GDM-T and GDM-S group.When compared with GDM-S group, the maternal glycosylated hemoglobin levels [(5.41±0.35)%, (5.32±0.28)%], the insulin resistance index (4.07±0.77, 2.63±1.50) and the proportion of insulin use (7.7%, 4.4%) were all significantly higher in GDM-T group (all P<0.05). The values of triglyceride [(3.4±1.4), (2.6±1.2) mmol/L], total cholesterol [(6.3±1.1), (6.0±1.0) mmol/L], low density lipoprotein cholesterol [(3.3±0.9), (3.1±0.8) mmol/L] were significantly higher and values of high density lipoprotein cholesterol [(1.7±0.4), (2.0±0.5) mmol/L] were significantly lower in GDM-T group than GDM-S group (all P<0.05). (3) There was no significant difference in the incidence of gestational hypertension between the two groups (P>0.05). When compared with GDM-S group, the incidences of preeclampsia and small for gestational age were both significantly higher (13.3% vs 2.4%; 28.7% vs 1.7%) and the incidence of large for gestational age was significantly lower in GDM-T group (4.5% vs 15.2%; all P<0.05). Conclusions The insulin resistance is aggravated in twin pregnancies and the characteristics of lipid metabolism are different between singleton and twin pregnant women complicated by GDM, and there are more complications in twin GDM pregnancies.