Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which accounts for about 15%of lung cancer cases, is an aggressive disease characterized by rapid growth and early widespread metastasis. Despite sensitive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, SCLC is vulnerable to get resistant and has high recurrence rates. Therefore, novel therapies are desperately needed to improve treatment efficacy and increase overall survival. A complex molecular biological alteration of SCLC accounts for its pathogenesis and chemo-resistance. With the understand-ing of SCLC biologic behavior and improvement of detection technique, immunotherapy may be a viable therapeutic approach and bring breakthrough to the treatment of patients with SCLC. In this review, we will discuss the rationale for immunotherapy and recent clinical trials of immunotherapeutic agents for SCLC.

Approximately 3% of all head and neck neoplasms originate in the parotid gland and less than 1% are oncocytic. We present the rare case of a 63-year-old woman with oncocytic carcinoma of the parotid gland with facial nerve invasion and discuss the characteristics of this rare entity. Based on the results of medical history, physical examination, computed tomography and postoperative histopathological diagnosis, oncocytic carcinoma of the parotid gland was diagnosed. Treatment involved complete parotid gland removal and right neck dissection. Adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy were followed by operation. As of 9 months following surgery, no recurrence has been identified, but long-term results are undefined.
Adenocarcinoma ; pathology ; therapy ; Facial Nerve ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Neck Dissection ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Parotid Gland ; pathology ; Parotid Neoplasms ; pathology ; therapy ; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Objective To study the relationship between Y chromosome abnormalities and AZF microdeletions in males with reproductive failure.Methods A case-control study was conducted in 2694 reproductive failure men with age ranges from 23 to 49 years old from the Institute of Reproductive Medicine of Jilin Province.Patients were divided into three groups:spermatogenic failure group (n =1332),disadvantage pregnancy outcomes group (n =994) and adverse birth outcomes group.All patients underwent chromosomal karyotype analysis (G-banding).AZF microdeletions were further investigated in patients with Y chromosomal abnormalities by PCR.The Chi-square test was used to compare the frequency of Y chromosome abnormalities in three groups.Results Of the 51 cases of Y chromosome abnormalities (1.89％,51/2694),32 were (2.40％,32/1332) in the spermatogenic failure group,15 were (1.51％,15/994) in disadvantage pregnancy outcomes group and 4 were (1.09％,4/368) in adverse birth outcomes group.There was no significant difference in Y chromosome abnormalities among different groups (x2 =3.895,P ＞0.05).AZF microdeletions were detected in 10 cases (19.61％,10/51) of Y chromosome abnormalities patients with spermatogenic failure.Conclusions The incidence of Y chromosomal abnormalities in three reproductive failure groups is similar.Chromosome karyotype analysis and AZF microdeletions examination could identify the genetics etiology in males with reproductive failure.

Elimination of HBV cccDNA from hepatocytes infected with chronic HBV virus is considered to be the key to eradicating HBV. Monitoring HBV cccDNA before, during, and after viral treatment is essential for routine treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B. With the introduction of new anti-HBV treatment technologies and new drugs targeting HBV cccDNA, Accurate and sensitive HBV cccDNA assays are urgently needed to evaluate efficacy. In recent years, HBV cccDNA detection methods have achieved gratifying results in both traditional PCR methods and digital PCR methods popular in recent years. In this paper, the advances in HBV cccDNA quantitative detection by qPCR, Magnetic bead capture hybridization, rolling circle amplification combined with in situ PCR, digital PCR and digital PCR assay in single cells were reviewed.

Objective To describe different types of chromosomal abnormalities on male infertility.Methods From May 2006 to May 2012,2034 infertile males with genetic counseling underwent chromosome karyotype analysis,semen routine examination and reproductive hormones levels detection.The data from them were analyzed.Results 267 cases of chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 2034 cases (13.13％).258 cases underwent semen routine examination in 267 cases with chromosomal abnormalities,of which 190 cases of azoospermia,58 cases of oligozoospermia,10 cases of semen normal.In 267 cases of chromosomal abnormalities,including 169 cases (63.30％) of number abnormalities,mainly with azoospermia,157 cases of Klinefelter syndrome (KS) (58.80％),7 cases of 47,XYY (2.62％),4 cases of Turner syndrome (1.50％),1 case of marker chromosome (0.37％) ; 49 cases (18.35％) of structural abnormalities mainly with oligozoospermia,including 32 cases of chromosomal translocations (11.99％),17 cases of inversion (6.37％) ; 4 cases of sex reversal (1.50％) with azoospermia; 45 cases of chromosome polymorphism (16.85％) mainly with oligozoospermia.Non-mosaicism KS patients' age,testicular volume,semen volume,and serum reproductive hormones levels were compared between different groups of semen results,and there were no significant difference except age.Conclusions Chromosome abnormalities were the most important genetic causes of abnormal semen quality and male infertility.It is necessary to be performed chromosome karyotype analysis for infertile males.

Objective The purpose of this study is to explore the efficacy and predictors of second?line chemotherpy in advanced non?small cell lung cancer patients and suggest optimal protocols suitable for differently characterized patients. Methods The clinical data of 178 advanced NSCLC patients second?line?treated in Tianjin Cancer Hospital from 2009.1.1 to 2013.12.31 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the different second?line treatments, the patients were divided into standard mono?drug therapy group ( 46 cases), endostar combined with standard mono?drug therapy group (42 cases), and platinum?based doublet chemotherapy group ( 90 cases) . Kaplan?Meier and Log?rank analyses were used to estimate and compare the survival rates in the groups, and Cox′s hazard regression model was used to determine the prognostic factors. Chi?square test was used to analyze the differences among different groups. Results The median progression?free survivals ( mPFS) were 50 days, 54 days, and 79 days ( P=0.042) for the standard mono?drug therapy group, endostar combined with standard mono?drug therapy group, and platinum?based doublet chemotherapy group, respectively. The differences between the mono?drug therapy group and doublet chemotherapy group were statistically significant ( P=0. 011 ) . The disease control rate ( DCR ) for each group was 26.1%, 47.6% and 46.7% (P=0.041), and the DCR were statistically significantly different between the mono?drug therapy group and doublet chemotherapy group ( P=0.016) , and between the mono?drug therapy group and endostar combined with standard mono?drug therapy group (P=0.041). The overall response rate (ORR) for each group was 2.2%, 0, and 4.4% (P>0.05 for all). Multivariate analysis showed that the period from the begining of first?line to second?line chemotherapy ( progression?free time) , base?line clinical stage, neuron specific enolase ( NSE) before second?line therapy, the cycles of second?line chemotherapy and the response to second?line therapy were independent predictors for PFS ( P<0. 005 for all) . Subgroup analysis indicated that the patients obtained more clinical benefit from doublet chemotherapy rather than mono?drug therapy, with following factors: age<60 years, paclitaxel plus cisplatin for first?line treatment, chemotherapy cycles≤4, CR, PR and SD for response, progression time within 3?6 months from the begining of first?line to second?line chemotherapy, performance status score≤1 at the begining of second?line therapy,Ⅳ stage, and mild leukopenia ( P<0.05 for all) . The patients whose progression?free survival time within 3?6 months from the begining of the first?line to second?line chemotherapy got more clinical benefit from endostar combined with standard mono?drug chemotherapy than mono?drug therapy ( P=0.006) . Conclusions The period from the begining of first?line to second?line chemotherapy, base?line TNM stage, NSE before second?line chemotherapy, the cycles of second?line chemotherapy and the response to second?line therapy were independent predictors for PFS. Platinum?based doublet chemotherapy and endostar plus standard second?line regimen can improve the efficacy in some characterized advanced NSCLC as compared with the patients by standard mono?drug therapy, wherein the platinum?based chemotherapy revealed the best efficacy.

Objective The purpose of this study is to explore the efficacy and predictors of second?line chemotherpy in advanced non?small cell lung cancer patients and suggest optimal protocols suitable for differently characterized patients. Methods The clinical data of 178 advanced NSCLC patients second?line?treated in Tianjin Cancer Hospital from 2009.1.1 to 2013.12.31 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the different second?line treatments, the patients were divided into standard mono?drug therapy group ( 46 cases), endostar combined with standard mono?drug therapy group (42 cases), and platinum?based doublet chemotherapy group ( 90 cases) . Kaplan?Meier and Log?rank analyses were used to estimate and compare the survival rates in the groups, and Cox′s hazard regression model was used to determine the prognostic factors. Chi?square test was used to analyze the differences among different groups. Results The median progression?free survivals ( mPFS) were 50 days, 54 days, and 79 days ( P=0.042) for the standard mono?drug therapy group, endostar combined with standard mono?drug therapy group, and platinum?based doublet chemotherapy group, respectively. The differences between the mono?drug therapy group and doublet chemotherapy group were statistically significant ( P=0. 011 ) . The disease control rate ( DCR ) for each group was 26.1%, 47.6% and 46.7% (P=0.041), and the DCR were statistically significantly different between the mono?drug therapy group and doublet chemotherapy group ( P=0.016) , and between the mono?drug therapy group and endostar combined with standard mono?drug therapy group (P=0.041). The overall response rate (ORR) for each group was 2.2%, 0, and 4.4% (P>0.05 for all). Multivariate analysis showed that the period from the begining of first?line to second?line chemotherapy ( progression?free time) , base?line clinical stage, neuron specific enolase ( NSE) before second?line therapy, the cycles of second?line chemotherapy and the response to second?line therapy were independent predictors for PFS ( P<0. 005 for all) . Subgroup analysis indicated that the patients obtained more clinical benefit from doublet chemotherapy rather than mono?drug therapy, with following factors: age<60 years, paclitaxel plus cisplatin for first?line treatment, chemotherapy cycles≤4, CR, PR and SD for response, progression time within 3?6 months from the begining of first?line to second?line chemotherapy, performance status score≤1 at the begining of second?line therapy,Ⅳ stage, and mild leukopenia ( P<0.05 for all) . The patients whose progression?free survival time within 3?6 months from the begining of the first?line to second?line chemotherapy got more clinical benefit from endostar combined with standard mono?drug chemotherapy than mono?drug therapy ( P=0.006) . Conclusions The period from the begining of first?line to second?line chemotherapy, base?line TNM stage, NSE before second?line chemotherapy, the cycles of second?line chemotherapy and the response to second?line therapy were independent predictors for PFS. Platinum?based doublet chemotherapy and endostar plus standard second?line regimen can improve the efficacy in some characterized advanced NSCLC as compared with the patients by standard mono?drug therapy, wherein the platinum?based chemotherapy revealed the best efficacy.

Exosomes are nanoscale particles secreted by various cells,including immune,stem,and tumor cells.They are enriched with bio-active substances that transport tumor information,mediate intercellular communication,and regulate multiple physiological processes and tumor microenvironment(TME)remodeling.Exosomes secreted by different tumor cell types exhibit cell-specific characteristics,contain various factors involved in immune regulation,and can interact with all types of immune cells.Cancer immunoediting is a process in which the immune system can both constrain and promote tumor development,involving three phases:elimination,equilibrium,and escape.Tu-mor-derived exosomes play diverse roles during these stages,both promoting anti-tumor immunity and inhibiting the anti-tumor activity of immune cells.Collectively,understanding the immunoediting role of exhausted T cells(TEXs)in regulating the immune microenvironment in lung cancer provides novel insights into antitumor therapy.

BACKGROUND: Autophagy related genes (ARGs) regulate lysosomal degradation to induce autophagy, and are involved in the occurrence and development of a variety of cancers. The expression of ARGs in tumor tissues has a great prospect in predicting the survival of patients. The aim of this study was to construct a prognostic risk score model for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) based on ARGs. METHODS: 5,786 ARGs were obtained from GeneCards database. Gene expression profiles and clinical data of 395 LUAD patients were collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. All ARGs expression data were extracted, and The ARGs differentially expressed were identified by R software. Survival analysis of differentially expressed ARGs was performed to screen for ARGs with prognostic value, and functional enrichment analysis was performed. The least absolute selection operator (LASSO) regression and Cox regression model were used to construct a prognostic risk scoring model for ARGs. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to obtain the optimal cut-off value of risk score. According to the cut-off value, the patients were divided into high-risk group and low-risk group. The area under curve (AUC) and the Kaplan-Meier survival curve was plotted to evaluate the model performance, which was verified in external data sets. Finally, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was applied to evaluate the independent prognostic value of the model, and its clinical relevance was analyzed. RESULTS: Survival analysis, Lasso regression and Cox regression analysis were used to construct a LUAD prognostic risk score model with five ARGs (ADAM12, CAMP, DKK1, STRIP2 and TFAP2A). The survival time of patients with low-risk score in this model was significantly better than that of patients with high-risk score (P<0.001). The model showed good prediction performance for LUAD in both the training set (AUCmax=0.78) and two external validation sets (AUCmax=0.88). Risk score was significantly associated with the prognosis of LUAD patients in univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, suggested that risk score could be a potential independent prognostic factor for LUAD. Correlation analysis of clinical characteristic showed that high risk score was closely associated with high T stage, high tumor stage and poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS We constructed a LUAD risk score model consisting of five ARGs, which can provide a reference for predicting the prognosis of LUAD patients, and may be used in combination with tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging for prognosis prediction of LUAD patients in the future.