Rhinovirus

No abstract available.
Common Cold* ; Rhinovirus*

Exacerbations of asthma is major causes of morbidity, mortality, and health-care costs. Over the decade, studies using new molecular diagnostic techniques have established that respiratory viruses are a major cause of exacerbations of asthma. The most prevalent viruses detected during exacerbations are the rhinovirus. Despite the burden of disease associated with exacerbations, little is known about the mechanisms of virus-induced exacerbations of airway diseases. Exacerbations are associated with increased airway inflammation in patients with asthma, but many questions remain unanswered regarding the key inflammatory cells and mediators involved. Identifying the key inflammatory mediators involved in exacerbations holds the promise of developing diagnostic and prognostic markers of exacerbation. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent change in our understanding of the clinical manifestations of rhinovirus infection than occurred as a result of the improved diagnostic sensitivity provided by the multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and serotypes.
Asthma ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ; Rhinovirus

Despite asthma being the most common chronic childhood ailment, there is still much to learn about the disease. Early childhood infections with well-known or emerging viruses can lay the pathophysiologic framework for asthma development and exacerbation later in life, which may be due partly to alteration of the airway microbiome. Once asthma is established, acute exacerbations are usually associated with infections with respiratory viruses, such as rhinoviruses (RVs). Once again, there are bidirectional interactions between viruses and airway bacteria that appear to influence the severity of illness and the likelihood of exacerbation. Studies employing recent advances in viral and bacterial identification analytic techniques will clarify these new concepts and may provide the basis for new treatments or prevention or respiratory infection-associated exacerbation. This paper is a review of the associations among respiratory viruses, bacteria, inflammatory mechanisms, and asthma exacerbation.
Asthma ; Bacteria ; Coinfection ; Eosinophils ; Microbiota ; Rhinovirus

Asthma is recognized as a complex disease resulting from interactions between multiple genetic and environmental factors. Accumulating evidence suggests that respiratory viral infections in early life constitute a major environmental risk factor for the development of childhood asthma. Respiratory viral infections have also been recognized as the most common cause of asthma exacerbation. The advent of molecular diagnostics to detect respiratory viruses has provided new insights into the role of human rhinovirus (HRV) infections in the pathogenesis of asthma. However, it is still unclear whether HRV infections cause asthma or if wheezing with HRV infection is simply a predictor of childhood asthma. Recent clinical and experimental studies have identified plausible pathways by which HRV infection could cause asthma, particularly in a susceptible host, and exacerbate disease. Airway epithelial cells, the primary site of infection and replication of HRV, play a key role in these processes. Details regarding the role of genetic factors, including ORMDL3, are beginning to emerge. This review discusses recent clinical and experimental evidence for the role of HRV infection in the development and exacerbation of childhood asthma and the potential underlying mechanisms that have been proposed.
Asthma* ; Cytokines ; Epithelial Cells ; Humans ; Pathology, Molecular ; Respiratory Sounds ; Rhinovirus* ; Risk Factors

Human rhinoviruses (HRV) mostly cause mild and self-limiting upper respiratory tract infections. We report 2 infants with acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, 1 of whom deteriorated to death. The causal pathogen was HRV group A confirmed by multiplex-PCR. In Korea, this is the first report of severe respiratory failure caused by HRV group A during the same season.
Humans ; Infant ; Korea ; Respiration, Artificial ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Respiratory System ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Rhinovirus ; Seasons

Human rhinovirus (HRV) is a nonenveloped, single stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae. HRV infections can cause both upper and lower respiratory illnesses in children and adults. Lower respiratory illnesses are more likely to occur in specific high risk groups, including infants, and children and adults with asthma. The relationships between rates of infection and the risk of clinical illness and exacerbation are not completely understood. Recent studies employing polymerase chain reaction and other molecular techniques indicate that there are new branches on the HRV family tree, and one characteristic of recently detected viruses is that they cannot be detected by standard tissue culture. Here we review the current literature and discuss new advances in understanding the link between HRV and asthma.
Adult ; Aluminum Hydroxide ; Asthma ; Carbonates ; Child ; Humans ; Infant ; Pedigree ; Picornaviridae ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rhinovirus ; RNA Viruses

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are responsible for many of the characteristic symptoms of the common cold, such as a sore throat, runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, and coughing. However, despite the high detection rate in children, most HRV infections are asymptomatic. As a result, these viruses are generally ignored, even though a close association between HRV infections in early life and the subsequent induction of asthma has been reported. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further research into HRV diagnostics, treatments, epidemiology, and vaccines. This review describes recent studies of HRVs, including their genomic diversity, surveillance systems, taxonomy, and immune responses, as well as vaccines.
Asthma ; Child ; Classification ; Common Cold ; Cough ; Epidemiology ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Humans* ; Nose ; Pharyngitis ; Rhinovirus* ; Sneezing ; Vaccines

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are responsible for many of the characteristic symptoms of the common cold, such as a sore throat, runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, and coughing. However, despite the high detection rate in children, most HRV infections are asymptomatic. As a result, these viruses are generally ignored, even though a close association between HRV infections in early life and the subsequent induction of asthma has been reported. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further research into HRV diagnostics, treatments, epidemiology, and vaccines. This review describes recent studies of HRVs, including their genomic diversity, surveillance systems, taxonomy, and immune responses, as well as vaccines.
Asthma ; Child ; Classification ; Common Cold ; Cough ; Epidemiology ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Humans* ; Nose ; Pharyngitis ; Rhinovirus* ; Sneezing ; Vaccines

The aim of this study was to investigate the knockdown efficiency of 2'-O-methylated (2'-OMe)-modified small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) on human rhinovirus 1B (HRV1B) replication and the interferon response. Thus, 24 2'-OMe-modified siRNAs were designed to target HRV1B. The RNA levels of HRV1B, Toll-like receptor 3, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, retinoic acid inducible gene-I, and interferons were determined in HRV1B-infected HeLa and BEAS-2B epithelial cells transfected with 2'-OMe-modified siRNAs. The results revealed that all 2'-OMe-modified siRNAs interfered with the replication of HRV1B in a cell-specific and transfection efficiency-dependent manner. Viral activation of Toll-like receptor 3, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, retinoic acid inducible gene-I, and the interferon response was detected. In conclusion, the 2'-OMe-modified siRNAs used in this study could interfere with HRV1B replication, possibly leading to the reactivation of the interferon response.
Gene Knockdown Techniques ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Interferons ; physiology ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Rhinovirus ; Virus Replication