OBJECTIVETo study the effects of cool restrain stress on the accumulation of eosinophils and expression of Th cytokines in rat nasal mucosa with allergic rhinitis model.

METHODSFifty healthy female rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: control group, allergic rhinitis (AR) group, AR plus stress group, stress plus AR group and simultaneous stress-AR group. Cool restrain stress, AR model and simultaneous stress-AR were made. Nasal mucosa of septum from rats of five groups were stained routinely by haematoxylin eosin (HE) and immunohistochemistry respectively. The density of eosinophils and expression of interleukin (IL)2, IL-6 were observed by using software of image analysis systems under microscope.

RESULTSThe density of eosinophiles and IL-6 in the nasal mucosa of stress-AR group were significantly higher than those in AR [(14.1 +/- 3.2) for eosinophiles, and (15.3 +/- 4.8) for IL-6 ] and were also significantly higher than those in control groups [(2.3 +/- 1.4) for eosinophiles, and (4.9 +/- 2.4) for IL-6)], and the differences reached statistical significance. (F were respectively 7.06, 7.14, 8.54, 8.20, P were respectively < 0.05 or < 0.01), but no significant differences of the three groups (AR plus stress, stress plus AR and simultaneous stress-AR groups) were found (F were respectively 2.90 and 3.20, P > 0.05). The expression of IL-2 in nasal mucosa of stress-AR group was significantly reduced compared with AR and control groups (F were respectively 7.27, 7.32, P were respectively < 0.05 or < 0.01). But there were also no significant differences of the three groups (AR plus stress, stress plus AR and simultaneous stress-AR groups, F = 3.12, P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe abnormal infiltration and accumulation of eosinophiles and the differences in expression of IL-2 and IL-6 which represented Th1 and Th2 cytokines in rats nasal mucosa varied in different groups. The eosinophiles and IL-6 were rarely expressed in control group and moderately expressed in AR group, but significantly expressed in cool restrain groups. The IL-2 representing Th1 cytokines were reduced in cool restrain stress gruops. All these results indicated that cool restrain stress might play a role in inducing rat allergic rhinitis.

Animals ; Eosinophils ; metabolism ; Interleukin-2 ; Interleukin-6 ; metabolism ; Nasal Mucosa ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; metabolism ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; metabolism

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the differential characteristics of plasma mircoRNA (miRNA) expression profile in the patients of moderate-to-severe allergic rhinitis treated with acupuncture so as to provide an index for screening the potential biomarkers of acupuncture efficacy. METHODS: Of 33 patients of moderate-to-severe allergic rhinitis underwent acupuncture, the superior efficacy patients (superior efficacy group, 3 cases) and the inferior efficacy patients (inferior efficacy group, 3 cases) were selected. Using human miRNA microarray technology, the differences in plasma miRNA expression before and after treatment were analyzed in the patients of two groups. Besides, 10 cases of superior efficacy and 10 cases of inferior one were selected respectively among the patients of moderate-to-severe allergic rhinitis treated with same acupuncture regimen; and the real-time PCR was used to validate miRNAs of differential expression determined by microarray technology. The bioinformatics analysis was performed for miRNAs of significant differences in expression so as to predict the potential functional target genes, and then, the predicted target genes were annotated in reference with the databases of gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG). RESULTS: Before treatment, there were 51 miRNAs of differential expression between two groups, of which, the expression levels of 26 miRNAs were up-regulated and those of 25 miRNAs were down-regulated. Compared with before treatment, 33 miRNAs presented differential expression in the superior efficacy group after treatment. The results of real-time PCR showed that the expression levels of hsa-miR-126-3p, hsa-miR-15a-5p, hsa-miR-494-3p and hsa-miR-574-5p were consistent with the results of microarray analysis in tendency. GO/KEGG analysis indicated that miRNAs with significant differences of expression between two groups were involved in regulating various biological processes, molecular functions and signaling pathways. CONCLUSION Plasma miRNA-mediated biological processes may be associated with the efficacy response of acupuncture in treatment of moderate-to-severe allergic rhinitis. Plasma miRNAs of differential expression may be the potential non-invasive biomarkers to predict the effectiveness of acupuncture on moderate-to-severe allergic rhinitis.
Acupuncture Therapy ; Humans ; MicroRNAs/metabolism* ; Rhinitis, Allergic/therapy* ; Signal Transduction

OBJECTIVETo investigate the correlation of allergic rhinitis and trace elements and to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention of allergic rhinitis.

METHODSOne hundred and six patients were diagnosed as allergic rhinitis in General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University between January and December in 2010, including 48 cases of perennial allergic rhinitis and 58 cases of seasonal allergic rhinitis. In the same time, one hundred and three healthy volunteers were selected as control. Intravenous blood 3-5 ml were obtained from all subjects both in experimental group and in control group. The content of Ca, Ni, Fe, Mg, Zn, Sr, Mn, Cu, Se in serum and hair was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The t-test (SPSS 16.0) was used to compare the results of trace elements in serum between allergic rhinitis and control group.

RESULTSThe testing results of trace elements in AR patients serum and normal controls serum were as follows: Cu, Ni (1 002.18 ± 104.62) µg/L, (21.58 ± 5.54) mg/L were super than control group, (832.78 ± 50.45) µg/L, (17.04 ± 4.93) mg/L (t value was 15.545, 5.154, both P < 0.05). But the content of Zn, Se (793.48 ± 46.88) µg/L, (84.25 ± 12.77) µg/L lower than control group (908.53 ± 31.26) µg/L, (98.35 ± 15.21) µg/L (t value was -24.175 and -7.797, both P < 0.05) . The testing results of trace elements in AR patients hair and normal controls hair were as follows: Cu, Ni (42.43 ± 5.03) µg/g, (31.72 ± 5.49) µg/g were super than control group, (23.00 ± 4.45) µg/g, (8.94 ± 7.53) µg/g (t value was -8.633 and 4.236, both P < 0.05). But the content of Zn, Se (92.16 ± 4.54) µg/g , (0.28 ± 0.04) µg/g lower than control group (189.09 ± 8.45) µg/g, (0.39 ± 0.06) µg/g (t value was -28.71 and -8.633, both P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe content of Zn, Se in AR patients serum are lower than that in control group. But the content of Cu, Ni in AR patients serum are super than that in control group. There are no significant difference of trace elements in the serum between pennial allergic rhinitis and seasonal allergic rhinitis.

Air Pollutants ; analysis ; Air Pollution ; statistics & numerical data ; China ; epidemiology ; Hair ; Humans ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; epidemiology ; metabolism ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal ; Trace Elements ; analysis

Objective: Transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were performed on the gene expression of nasal epithelial cells in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (AR) and perennial AR, so as to obtain the differences in the gene expression of nasal epithelial cells between seasonal AR and perennial AR. Methods: The human nasal epithelial cell line(HNEpC) was cultured in vitro, treated with 100 μg/ml mugwort or house dust mite (HDM) extracts for 24 hours. Total cell RNA was extracted, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect the expression of cytokines, including IL-6, IL-8, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). From November 2019 to November 2020, 3 seasonal AR patients, 3 perennial AR patients, and 3 healthy controls who attended the Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University were analyzed. The patients' primary nasal epithelial cells were cultured in vitro, treated with corresponding allergens for 24 hours. Total RNA was extracted for transcriptome sequencing, and the sequencing results were analyzed by bioinformatics. Results: The qPCR results showed that the cytokines IL-6, IL-8, IL-33 and TSLP of HNEpC treated with mugworts extracts and HDM extracts had the same trend of change. After the nasal epithelial cells from patients with seasonal AR and perennial AR were treated with corresponding allergens, there were differences in biological processes and signal pathways between those and control. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes (DEG) in AR patients allergic to mugwort were mainly enriched in the oxidation-reduction process, the negative regulation of apoptosis process, and the cell adhesion; the DEG in AR patients allergic to HDM were mainly enriched in cell adhesion, the negative regulation of cell proliferation and the response to drug. Enrichment analysis of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway showed that the DEG of AR patients allergic to mugwort were significantly enriched in arachidonic acid metabolism, p53 signaling pathway and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway, while the DEG of AR patients allergic to HDM were mainly enriched in cells cycle, Fanconi anemia pathway and DNA replication. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) showed that the inflammatory response, TNF-α/NF-κB signaling pathway and IL-2/STAT5 signaling pathway were significantly up-regulated in AR patients allergic to mugwort, indicating the promotion of inflammatory response; and AR patients allergic to HDM had significant down-regulation of G2M, E2F, and MYC, indicating the inhibition of cell proliferation. The protein-protein interaction network showed that TNF and CDK1 were the most interacting proteins in mugwort and HDM allergic AR patients, respectively. Conclusion: Seasonal AR and perennial AR may affect the different biological processes and signal pathways of nasal epithelial cells, leading to differences in the occurrence and development of AR.
Allergens ; Animals ; Computational Biology ; Cytokines/metabolism* ; Epithelial Cells/metabolism* ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Interleukin-33/metabolism* ; Interleukin-6/metabolism* ; Interleukin-8 ; Nasal Mucosa/metabolism* ; Plant Extracts/metabolism* ; Pyroglyphidae ; RNA/metabolism* ; Rhinitis, Allergic/metabolism* ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal ; Seasons

OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression of Eotaxin and the effect of histamine in allergic rhinitis model (AR), and aim to explore the pathogenesis of AR. METHOD: The AR models were established by application of ovum albumin in rats. The expression of Eotaxin in nasal mucosa, serum and nasal cavity lavage fluid, were observed before and after treatment of histamine or its antagonist by immunochemistry, RT-PCR and ELISA technique. RESULT: The expression of Eotaxin in nasal lavage fluid and nasal mucosa increased after treatment of histamine (P < 0.05). Contrarily, the expression of Eotaxin in nasal lavage fluid, nasal mucosa and serum decreased after treatment of the antagonist of histamine. CONCLUSION Both histamine and its receptor can involve in the pathogenesis of AR by affecting the expression of Eotaxin.
Animals ; Chemokine CCL11 ; biosynthesis ; metabolism ; Female ; Histamine ; metabolism ; Male ; Nasal Mucosa ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; metabolism ; pathology ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal ; metabolism ; pathology

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship among the expressions of NF-kappaB, Eotaxin and the effects of tripterine in nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitis rat and to discuss the possible mechanism of tripterine on allergic rhinitis. METHOD: Forty healthy SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: OVA group,tripterine group (T group), DM group, and SC group. Allergic rhinitis model was established by OVA. The pathological changes were observed by HE staining. The expressions of NF-kappaB and Eotaxin were examined by SP immunohistochemical analysis. RESULT: There was no pathological change in SC group. Nasal mucosa in T and DM group was swelling,and there were some inflammatory cells. Nasal mucosa in OVA group was highly swelling, and there were abundant inflammatory cells. NF-kappaB and Eotaxin expression in OVA group was significantly different from the other three groups (P<0.01). And no difference was observed between T and DM groups (P>0.05). The expression of NF-kappaB in OVA group had positive correlation with the expression of Eotaxin (r=0.908, P<0.01). CONCLUSION Tripterine can inhibit expression of Eotaxin by restraining the activation of NF-kappaB.
Animals ; Chemokine CCL11 ; metabolism ; NF-kappa B ; metabolism ; Nasal Mucosa ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; metabolism ; Triterpenes ; pharmacology

Animals ; Chemokine CCL11 ; metabolism ; Guinea Pigs ; Respiratory Mucosa ; metabolism ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo confirm the expression and distribution of aquaporin 5 (AQP5) in rat nasal mucosa of experimental allergic rhinitis and to investigate the relationship between AQP5 and allergic rhinitis.

METHODSTwenty-four healthy Wistar rats both male and female weighting 200-300 g were divided into two groups randomly, one was testing group (n = 12), the other was comparing group (n = 12). Generally sensitized rats in testing group were given repeated local booster sensitization into nasal cavity. Twelve normal rat nasal mucosa and twelve nasal mucosa from rat with allergic rhinitis were used. The distribution of AQP5 in normal rat nasal mucosa and nasal mucosa in rat with allergic rhinitis were observed by immunofluorescence technique. Furthermore, the expression of AQP5 in normal rat nasal mucosa and nasal mucosa from rat with allergic rhinitis were studied by immunohistochemical staining.

RESULTSHematoxylin and eosin staining showed that there was obvious inflammation reaction, a large quantity of glands hyperplasia and acidophils soaked in nasal mucosa from rat with allergic rhinitis. (2) Both immunofluorescence technique and immunohistochemical staining showed that the distribution of AQP5 in normal rat nasal mucosa was in accordance with that in nasal mucosa from rat with allergic rhinitis on the whole. AQP5 expressed mainly in the membrane and cytoplasm of the epithelium in the glands, ducts and cilia. (3) The statistical analysis of the immunohistochemical staining showed that the quantity of AQP5 in rat nasal mucosa with allergic rhinitis (156.37 +/- 1.93) was obviously higher than that in the normal rat nasal mucosa (178.52 +/- 1.94). There was statistical significance between the two groups (t = 28.08, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSThe hypersecretion of glands has a close relationship with the high expression of AQP5 in allergic rhinitis.

Animals ; Aquaporin 5 ; metabolism ; Female ; Male ; Nasal Mucosa ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; metabolism

Humans ; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 ; metabolism ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Toll-Like Receptors ; metabolism

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression and significance of related receptors of Notch signaling pathway in mouse model of allergic rhinitis (AR). METHOD: Sixteen BALB/c mice of seven-eight weeks old were randomly assigned to two groups,including controls group and model group. AR model mice was sensitized with ovalbumin(OVA). Symptom score, hematoxylin-eosin for pathological alteration and infiltration of inflammatory cells in nasal mucosa were analyzed as well as enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was taken to detect IgE in pe- ripheral serum. Nasal septum mucosa and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from 16 BALB/c mouse(8 Allegic rhinitis,8 controls). Notch 1-4 were checked by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry from different levels. RESULT: BALB/c mice model of allergic rhinitis was established successfully. The mRNA of Notch1, Notch3, Notch4 in nasal septum mucosa of allergic rhinitis mice model groups were obviously higher than that in normal controls, and the difference were statistically significant (P < 0.01). However, The expression of Notch2 is lower than the control group and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). In line with the above, the protein expression of Notch1, Notch3, Notch4 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of model groups were significantly higher than that in health controls, and the difference were statistically significant (P < 0.01). But comparing control, expression of Notch2 was lower and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION There were significant changes of Notch genes in mouse model of AR. This intimated that related genes of Notch signaling pathway may paly important roles in the development and progression of AR and provide ideas for in depth study of the pathogenesis of AR.
Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Nasal Mucosa ; RNA, Messenger ; Receptors, Notch ; metabolism ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; metabolism ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial