Objective: Exposure to environmental toxicants such as copper has been suggested to have adverse effects on male reproduction. Therefore, our aim in the present study was to investigate morphometrical changes of rat testes following long term consumption. Methods: Animals were divided into three experimental groups. Two different doses of copper sulfate were applied once a day for 8 weeks by gavage. The first treatment group received copper sulfate at a dose of 100 mg/kg (Cu100 group) and the second treatment group was given copper sulfate at a dose of 200 mg/kg (Cu200 group). Control animals received normal saline using the same method. Testes from five cases of 15 animals of each group were removed for histopathological examinations on days 14, 28 and 56. Morphometrically, seminiferous tubules diameter, spermatogonial cells nuclei diameter, sertoli cells nuclei diameter and epithelial height were measured in the experimental groups. Meiotic index and the percentage of spermatogenesis were also calculated.Results: The mean values of about mentioned morphometrical parameters in copper treated groups showed significant decrease on 14th day compared to the control group. Copper administration caused a significant damage to morphometrical parameters on 28th day compared to the day 14. Also, in some parameters further decreases were observed specially in the Cu200 group on 56th day such as the diameter of seminiferous tubules, spermatogonial and sertoli cells nuclei and epithelial height of germinal layer (P<0.05). Conclusions: The results show that exposure to copper has the deleterious effects on morphometrical structure of testes which are appeared as early as two weeks.

Pulmonary sequestration is a rare congenital anomaly in the veterinary literature. This malformation is characterized by a cystic mass of non-functioning primitive lung tissue that does not communicate with the tracheobronchial tree or with the pulmonary arteries. This article describes gross and histopathological characteristics of extralobar pulmonary sequestration in a dog. Grossly, a mass was observed in the left side of the thoracic cavity, closed to the caudal lobes of the lung, without communication with the tracheobronchial tree and the pulmonary arteries that was separated by pleural covering. Histopathologic examination showed emphysematous alveoli and bronchi, hypertrophy of smooth muscles and presence of the undifferentiated mesenchymal tissue. Therefore, based on microscopic findings, extralobar pulmonary sequestration was diagnosed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of extralobar pulmonary sequestration in dog.

Objective:To investigate clinical, pathological and mycological findings in canaries, in which pox lesions and Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) infection were observed simultaneously. Methods:This study was performed on a breeding colony (about 100 canaries) affected by fatal wasting disease. Necropsy was undertaken on 10 severely affected canaries, and gross lesions were recorded. Samples from internal organs displaying lesions were obtained for histopathological evaluation. Tracheal swap samples of internal organs of the all infected animals with lesions at necropsy were cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar for mycological examination. Results: At necropsy, caseous foci were determined in the lungs, on the air sacs, liver, spleen, heart. Swelling of the eyelids, diffuse hemorrhages in the subcutaneous tissue with small papular lesions of the skin were other typical necropsy findings. Histopathologically, pathognomonic eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, which called Bollinger bodies, in both skin cells and vacuolated air way epithelial cells confirmed canary pox infection. Moreover, histopathological examination of the white-yellowish caseous foci revealed necrotic granulomatous reaction consisting of macrophages, heterophil leukocytes and giant cells encapsulated with a fibrous tissue. After the culture of the tissue samples, the formation of bluish green colonies confirmed A. fumigatus infection. Conclusions:Canary pox has been known as the disease that can result in high losses in a short time, as a re-emerging disease that has not been present during recent years in canary flocks in Iran. So, the current paper provides useful information to prevent misdiagnosed of canary pox disease which can cause secondary mycotic infection.

A 6-year-old female nulliparous Dutch Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) was presented in shock status with a history of abdominal distention, inappetance, lethargy, polydipsia, diarrhea and weight loss since 2 weeks ago. There was no breeding history. Radiographic survey showed increased soft tissue opacity dorsal to the urinary bladder and ventral to the colon on the lateral view consistent with uteromegaly and severe intestinal distention resembling intussusceptions. Conservative treatment was failed and the animal died. In necropsy, ileocecal intussusception was noted as the main death factor. Thickened uterine endometrium in both horns was observed and the uterus was filled with mucoid fluid. Both ovaries were multilobulated and distended. On the other hand, a small cyst sized 1.5 × 2.5 cm was diagnosed on the liver surface. Several samples were obtained from lesions for histopathological evaluation. Histopathologically, dilated cystic glands of variable size lined by densely packed epithelium and hyperplasia of the endometrium resulting in irregular folds or papillar projection into the lumen were evident and the sections of ovaries revealed ovarian luteoma that composed of polyhedral cells with pale stained vacuolated cytoplasm, centrally located nuclei with distinct cytoplasmic borders and the cytoplasm of cells contain lipid droplet. The occurrence of biliary cyst adenoma was confirmed by microscopic examination of the mass that composed of multicystic space in different sizes lined by flattened to cuboidal biliary epithelium with papillary projections. These cysts were seperated by variable amount of connective tissue. The lack of postmortem investigations in aged rabbits reduced the incidence of neoplastic disease diagnosis in this species. Whereas uterine adenecarcinoma and lymphosarcoma were commonly reported in rabbits, luteoma and biliary cyst adenoma that are well described in this case report were uncommon in rabbit medicine.

AIM: To evaluate Orbscan II corneal topography in hyperopic cases.METHODS: A retrospective, observational, consecutive, clinical case series in two hundred and ninety five eyes of hyperopic patients who undergo a LASIK evaluation. The information that was reviewed included age and sex of the patients and the Orbscan II corneal topographic maps. Refractive powers and the following test indices produced by Orbscan II were analyzed: keratometry, corneal diameter, pupil diameter and anterior chamber depth. RESULTS: The total mean corneal thickness was 546.3±35.5μm.It was found ; 547.3±38.4μm in 17-29 years old, 553.4±38.3μm in 30-44 years old and 546.2±29.3μm in older than 45 years old .The mean corneal thickness was found 551.5±35.9μm in female, and 542.6±34.7μm in male. The total mean depth of anterior chamber was 2.57±0.40mm and in 17-29 years old patients was 2.82±0.39mm. In 30-44 years old patients was 2.49±0.39mm and in patients older than 45 years old was 2.37±0.40mm. The mean depth of anterior chamber was 2.53±0.40mm in female and 2.60±0.40mm in male. A reverse significant relation between corneal thickness and keratometry were found. Refractive error severity had a reverse correlation with depth of anterior chamber and a correlation with keratometry (P=0.061,r=0.108).Corneal thickness had a reverse correlation with keratometry (P=0.005,r=0.160), and correlation with pupil diameter (P=0.013, r=0.144).CONCLUSION: This study provides a description and analysis of Orbscan II findings in hyperopic patients. These show mean corneal thickness 546.3±35.5μm and anterior chamber depth 2.57±0.40mm in hyperopic patients.

AIM: To determine ocular motor nerve palsy in patients with head trauma.METHODS: There were three hundred admitted cases of head trauma in neurosurgery department of Shahid Rahnemon Hospital from March 2006 to September 2006. Data were collected with ophthalmic examinations, filled in questionnaires and analyzed by SPSS software statistically including Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test.RESULTS: A total of 300 patients were reviewed, 242 (81.1%) men and 58 (18.9%) women. Their age ranged from 1 to 87 years (mean of 46 years). Accident and fall were the most common causes of head trauma, occurring in 247 (82.3%) patients and most of patients had Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 13-15(82.3%). The most cerebral lesion was subdural and subarachnoid hematoma. Isolated trochlear and abducens nerve palsy (28.6%), isolated oculomotor nerve and combined nerve palsies (combination of 3rd and 4th cranial nerves, 14.3%) were the most affected nerves.CONCLUSION: Although the cranial nerve palsy is rare with minor head trauma, according to their observation in emergency room, neuroophtalmic examination is advised.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of nymphal stages of L. serrata in mesenteric lymph nodes of camels slaughtered in Mashhad slaughterhouse, Northeast of Iran. Methods: For this purpose, mesenteric lymph nodes of 400 camels of different sex and age were examined. The lymph nodes were examined macroscopically and a digestion method was also applied for investigation of samples which was negative macroscopically. Results:The mesenteric lymph nodes of 73 camels out of 400 (18.25%) were infected by L. serrata nymphs.Conclusions:Prevalence of L. serrata nymphs in males and females and different age was not significantly different (P>0.05), but difference was observed between the prevalence in different seasons (P< 0.05). The potential importance of these findings to human health is discussed. This is the first report of infection withL. serrate of camels in camels slaughtered at northeast of Iran.

AIM: To describe the involvement in relatives of kera-toconus (KCN) patients with corneal topography map. METHODS: A total of 300 eyes of 150 siblings of 75 KCN patients referred to corneal clinic were studied and experienced complete slit-lamp, refraction examinations and topographic cornea maps provided by videophoto-keratography. ANOVA, Fisher exact and Chi-square tests were performed to compare the results.RESULTS: From 150 siblings, 56% were female and 44% were male with average age of 21 (range of 15-39) years old. KCN and suspect KCN diagnosed in 12.3% and 6.6% respectively. The central keratometry (CK) was 46.50±4.51 dioptr(D) in KCN and 45.66±1.52 (D) in suspect KCN. Inferior-superior value (I-S) was 3.51±2.50(D) in KCN and 1.56±1.22 (D) in suspect KCN. In KCN condition the oval pattern was 67.6% (n=25) and round pattern detected was 32.4% (n=12). In suspect KCN these patterns detected were 90% and 10% respectively. Refractive errors in KCN were -7.50 to +1.25D(-1.25±1.83), in suspect KCN 0.45 to -4.2D(-0.68±0.76) and in healthy group 2.75 to -7.5D(-0.6±1.12). Astigmatism was mild in 22.7%, moderate astigmatism in 18.3% in KCN and suspect KCN.CONCLUSION: Increase KCN condition in healthy siblings of KCN patients shows require of screening to early diagnose and cautious treatment of contact lens in these individuals.

· AIM: To investigate the conditions of traumatic visual loss of inpatients in Yazd, Iran from 2005 to 2006, and to explore the possible causes and preventive methods. · METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data on all patients with eye injuries (70 cases) hospitalized at Shahid Sadoughi Hospital between August 2005 and August 2006, including age, gender, causes, type of injury, time of initial treatment, visual acuity during admission and discharge, surgical procedures, and final outcome. Furthermore, standardized international classifi-cation of ocular trauma (Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology) was used for eye injury categorization. · RESULTS: A total of 70 inpatients with ocular injuries were selected by simple approach. The male/female ratio was 2.8 to 1. The most frequent causes of eye injury were metallic objects (34.3%) especially in age group of ≤ 10 and ≥ 30 years old, accidents (22. 8%) and assaults (17.2%). Waiting time to initial treatment was 6-24 hours in most cases (51.4%). Trauma was blunt in 38.6% and penetrating in 61.4%. The most and the least final visual acuity in blunt and penetrating trauma was LP (51.8%, 41.8%) and HM (7.5%, 4. 7%) respectively. Surgery outcome was globe saving with acceptable visual acuity in72.9% and enucleation in 24.2%. · CONCLUSION: With regard to the high incidence of ocular trauma and consequent severe visual loss, parents' attention, eye safety protection and early treatment should be considered as final preserving globe in most accidents.

This report describes the clinical and pathological aspects of an apocrine sweat gland carcinoma with distant metastasis in an aged dog. A 7-year-old male terrier dog was referred to small animal hospital of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman with a 5.5×3.5 centimeter pedunculated mass on its head near left auricular region which had been progressively growing since three months ago. The radiography showed no local and distant metastasis. Surgical excision and histological evaluation was done. Histologically, the mass was composed of epithelial cells arranged in glandular and solid patterns. The morphologic findings suggested either a primary or metastatic apocrine-gland carcinoma. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were intensely positive for cytokeratin 7 and 20 and negative for S100 protein. On the basis of histopathological and clinical findings, the tumor was diagnosed as a malignant apocrine gland tumor, arising from apocrine sweat glands of the skin. Local tumor recurrence with anorexia and weight loss was reported by the owner nine month later. Severe submandibular and prescapular lymphadenomegaly was noted in clinical examination. Several large pulmonary nodules were noted in chest radiographs resembling mediastinal lymph node metastasis. Second surgery and chemotherapy was rejected by the owner due to grave prognosis of the patient. The animal was died 45 days later due to respiratory complications. Tumors of apocrine sweat glands are relatively uncommon in dogs whereas apocrine gland adenocarcinoma with distant metastasis is extremely rare.