OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of infrared for lengthening applying time of cold-jet stream therapy without cold pain. METHOD: Each of the two methods of cryotherapy, cold-jet stream (CS) and cold-jet stream combined with infrared therapy (CSCI), was applied to the medial aspect of 32 volunteers' knees. The first phase was the required time that skin was dropped to 10oC with CS/CSCI. The second phase was the time for rewarming to 20oC without CS/CSCI. The third phase was the required time that skin dropped to 10degrees C again with CS/CSCI. The fourth phase was the time for re-warming to 20oC again without CS/CSCI. RESULTS: The required time which cold pain appeared after CS/CSCI were 51.3 sec and 62.3 sec, respectively, with significance (p<0.01). In CS and CSCI, first phase was 71.6 sec and 90.7 sec, respectively, and third phase was 33.2 sec and 39.9 sec, respectively (p<0.01). At second and fourth phases, it took 46.9 sec and 56.6 sec in CS (p<0.01), and took 46.9 sec and 54.6 sec in CSCI (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: As compared with CS, CSCI delayed sensation time of cold pain and prolonged application time of CS at the knee.
Cryotherapy ; Knee* ; Rewarming ; Rivers* ; Sensation ; Skin

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify differences in three groups of operative patients (Forced Air Warming, Electrical Blanketrol, Control) for discomfort and pattern of body temperature during surgery and post operatively. METHODS: The sample consisted of 3 randomized 3 groups of abdominal surgery patients admitted to an university hospital in D-city : The Bair Hugger and upper body blanket were used with the first group, electrical blanketrol with PVC Film with the second, and the third group was the control. ANOVA was used with the WIN SPSS 17.0 program to analyze the data. RESULTS: Significant differences were found among the three groups for tympanic and esophageal body temperature at 1 hour after starting surgery. There was significant difference in tympanic body temperature during the 15 minute stay in the post anesthetic room. There were no significant differences in thermal discomfort while in the post anesthetic room. or There among the three groups for serum cortisol during surgery. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, application of a Bair Hugger or electrical blanketrol improves maintenance of body temperature of operative patients as well as body temperature of post operative patients, and is a clinically significant warming method providing a more consistent body temperature.
Body Temperature ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; Hypothermia ; Rewarming ; Shivering

Objective To investigate the effect of systematic graded rewarming pattern on all-cause mortality of hypothermic trauma patients in different time periods. Methods A prospective case-control study was carried out for 236 hypothermic trauma patients with modified trauma score<12 in the Emergency Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from January 2020 to December 2021.The patients were randomly assigned into a systematic graded rewarming group (n=118) and a traditional rewarming group (n=118).The main outcome event was all-cause death within 15 days after trauma,and the secondary outcome event was all-cause death within 3,7,and 30 days after trauma. Results Overall,13.98%(33/236) and 14.83%(35/236) of the patients died within 15 and 30 days after trauma,respectively,and the median survival time of all dead patients was 6 (4,10) days.The systematic graded rewarming group had higher temperature after rewarming for 2 h (P=0.001) and larger temperature change after rewarming intervention (P=0.047) than the traditional rewarming group.The all-cause mortality within 15 days (27.3%vs.72.7%,P=0.005) and 30 days (25.7%vs.74.3%,P=0.002) in the systematic graded rewarming group was lower than that in the traditional rewarming group.Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the survival time of the patients in the systematic graded rewarming group was longer than that in the traditional rewarming group (P=0.003).Multivariate cox regression analysis indicated that systematic graded rewarming was a strong protective factor for survival time after trauma (HR=0.450, P=0.042).Further Logistic regression analysis for the occurrence of all-cause death in each time period showed that the OR of systematic graded rewarming pattern to all-cause death within 15 days and 30 days after trauma were 0.289 and 0.286,respectively,after adjusting the covariates(P=0.008,P=0.005).The temperature after rewarming for 2 h had a negative correlation with all-cause mortality within 30 days after trauma (OR=0.670, P=0.049). Conclusions Systematic graded rewarming is a protective factor for the survival time of patients with traumatic hypothermia and an independent factor affecting the risk of all-cause death within 15 days and 30 days after trauma.The temperature after rewarming for 2 h is expected to be an independent predictor of all-cause mortality of 30 days after trauma in the patients with hypothermia.The systematic graded rewarming pattern could reduce the mortality of hypothermic trauma patients.
Humans ; Hypothermia ; Rewarming ; Case-Control Studies

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of changing the distance of spraying cold-jet stream (CS) on pain threshold and skin temperature. METHOD: Twenty one volunteers were examined. -30 degrees C cold-air was applied from 5 cm and 10 cm away to the skin of the right wrist. The following parameters were taken to measure the efficiency of the application: the cooling time for the subject to express pain (1st period), the rewarming time for skin temperature to rise to 20 degrees C at room temperature (2nd period), the re-cooling time again (3rd period), 4th, 5th and 6th time again. RESULTS: Skin temperature that subjects expressed pain was significantly at 10 cm distance than 5 cm. The rewarming speed of skin temperature was slower and slower according to repeat cold-air therapy in two groups. But there is no difference of rewarming time between 10 cm distance and 5 cm. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in rewarming time between 10 cm and 5 cm, hence, applying CS from 5 cm distance for a short period of time would be the more efficient method in terms of time-saving.
Cryotherapy ; Pain Threshold ; Rewarming ; Rivers* ; Skin Temperature* ; Skin* ; Volunteers ; Wrist

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of the intramuscular temperature on buttock according to the application methods of cold jet-stream and to find the more effective method which reduces the intramuscular temperature. METHOD: Twenty eight healthy volunteers were examined. Cold-jet stream (CS) was applied on buttock (5 cm below of iliac crest, surface of gluteus medius muscle). We measured the time that skin temperature fall from room temperature to 10 degrees C (first period), the time rewarmed from 10 degrees C to 20 degrees C (second period), the time fall again to 10 degrees C (third period) and the time rewarmed again to 20 degrees C (fourth period). Cold-jet stream with infrared combination (CSIC) therapy was performed with the same method. RESULTS: At the first and third cooling periods, It took longer in CSIC group than CS group to decrease skin temperature. At fourth period, It took longer in CSIC group than CS group to rewarm skin. In CS and CSIC groups, fourth period is longer than second period. CONCLUSION: It took longer in CSIC method than CS only to decrease skin temperature to 10degrees C. Rewarming speed of skin temperature was slower twice cold-jet stream applies than once. Rewarming speed of skin temperature was slower at old-jet stream and infrared combination therapy than cold-jet only.
Buttocks* ; Healthy Volunteers ; Rewarming ; Rivers* ; Skin Temperature* ; Skin*

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of hypothermia and rewarming on the pattern of Cortical Spreading Depression(CSD) and predict the resultant vulnerability of the brain. Thirty four Sprague-Dawley rats, either sex, weighing 250-350gm, were used. They were devided into 4 groups, according to the degree of hypothermia and speed of rewarming, Profound Hypothermia & Slow Rewarming(G I), Profound Hypothermia & Rapid Rewarming(G II), Moderate Hypothermia & Slow Rewarming(G III), Moderate Hypothermia & Rapid Rewarming(G IV). CSD was elicited by local application of KC1 and identified by Direct Current Potential(DCP). We estimated the Frequency of DCP, Recovery time of negative shift of DCP, Area of negative shift of DCP according to the change of body temperature. The frequencies of DCP increased after rewarming compared with the normothermic state in all groups, statistical significance(P<0.05) was specially evident in Group II(Profound Hypothermia & Rapid Rewarming group), 5.1+/-0.3/30min.(mean+/-standard error) in normothermic state, while 9.3+/-0.8/30min in rewarming state. Recovery time(width) of DCP was delayed with hypothermia but decreased with rewarming but delayed state compared with normothermic state in all groups, i.e. 34.7+/-1.0sec at normothermic state, 59.9+/-4.3sec at 27.5 degrees C, 40+/-1.4sec at rewarming state in Group II. We can predict that the vulnerability of the brain tissue may be increased during the rewarming state following hypothermia in all groups. Such evidence is more significant in Group II(Profound Hypothermia & Rapid Rewarming) during the period of certain time(30-60min) after rewarming.
Animals ; Body Temperature ; Brain ; Cortical Spreading Depression* ; Hypothermia* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rewarming*

We campared radial and femoral arterial blood pressure in 20 patients, ranging in age from 1-27 years, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass for repair of congenital heart disease. Differences in systolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure were measured between femoral and radial artery pressure at specfied time (30 min after induction, 10 min after rewarming, 10 min after aortic declamping, 30 min after aortic declamping). This study failed to demonstrate the overt inaccuracy of radial arterial pressure measurement during cardiopulmonary bypass, but we could find the tendency that radial artery pressure may be measured inconsistently during and after cardiopulmonary bypass and altered peripheral resistance may contribute to this inconsistency.
Arterial Pressure* ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass* ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Humans ; Radial Artery ; Rewarming ; Vascular Resistance

Because wide swings in temperature can occur during cardiac anesthesia all patients undergoing cardiac anesthesia should have their temperatures monitered. This is especially true in situations where deliberate hypothermia during cardiopulmonary surgery is an area of controversy. This study of 20 cases of open heart surgery was undertaken to compare the changes in tympanic membrane, nasopharyngeal, rectal and great toe temperatures and of to evaluate their correlation during the induction, cardiopulmonary bypass, rewarming and post-cardiopulmonary bypass periods. The temperature at each site was monitored every 10 minutes for 60 minutes of each period. The results were as follows, During the induction period, the temperature of the tympanic membrane, nasopharynx and rectum decreased significantly(p<0.05~p<0.01), but the temperatures of the great toe temperatures increased for 20 minutes and then slowly decreased during the next 30 to 60 minutes. During the cardiopulmonary bypass period, the sympanic membrane temperatures which were best correlated with the nasopharyngeal temperatures(p<0.05~p<0.01), decreased faster than the rectal, nasopharyngeal and great toe temperatures. During the rewarming period, the tympanic membrane temperatures increased most quickly and were significantly correlated with the nasopharyngeal temperatures(p<0.05) only at 0 and 10 minutes. During the post-cardiopulmonary bypass period, the tympanic membrane and nasopharyngeal temperatures decreased slowly and were significantly correlated with each other(p<0.01), but the rectal and the great toe temperatures increased slowly.
Anesthesia* ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Heart* ; Humans ; Hypothermia ; Membranes ; Nasopharynx ; Rectum ; Rewarming ; Thoracic Surgery* ; Toes ; Tympanic Membrane

Cryoglobulinemia refers to the presence in the serum of one or more immunoglobulins that precipitate at temperatures below 37degrees C and that redissolve on rewarming. Type I cryoglobulin contains an isolated monoclonal immunoglobulin. The symptoms of type I cryoglobulinemia included purpura, Raynaud's phenomenon, distal ulcerations and gangrenous change caused by vascular occlusion resulting from protein precipitation. We report a case of type I cryoglobulinemia in a 72-year-old woman who had purpuras and gangrenes on her right elbow and left knee without distal skin lesions.
Aged ; Cryoglobulinemia* ; Elbow ; Female ; Gangrene ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; Knee ; Multiple Myeloma ; Purpura ; Rewarming ; Skin ; Ulcer

Postoperative brain damage is one of most serious complications of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). To prevent brain damage during CPB, adequate cerebral perfusion for cerebral oxygen demand should be maintained. This study monitored jugular venous oxyhemoglobin saturation (SjO₂), which reflects the overall balance of cerebral oxygen supply and demand, intermittently in 10 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. At the initiation of CPB, in spite of a significant decrease in mean arterial pressure, SjO₂ did not change, and it was stable during the hypothermic period of CPB. But a significan reduction in SjO₂ was observed during the rewarming period, and SjO₂ had an inverse linear correlation with esophageal temperature. Furthermore, the percent decrease of SjO₂ was related to rewarming speed. Therefore, therapeutic approaches for SjO₂ desaturation include slower rewarming, increasing cerebral blood flow, decreasing the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen, increasing oxygen content, and increasing perfusion flow rate.
Arterial Pressure ; Brain ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Humans ; Oxygen ; Oxyhemoglobins* ; Perfusion ; Rewarming ; Thoracic Surgery