No abstract available.
Reward

No abstract available.
Reward* ; Schools, Medical*

A case of Maffucis syndrome is presented with a brief review of literature because of its rarity. An attempt was made for reconstructive surgery for the deformities involving right hand with rewarding result.
Congenital Abnormalities ; Hand ; Reward

The influence of reward on behavior is one of the hottest research subjects in psychological research. Reward-induced motivation promotes the performance of the participants. In the field of emotional processing, the reward can influence the individual's processing of emotional information, but previous studies have not directly discussed the effect of reward on emotional regulation. The present study focused on whether emotional regulation ability would be improved under the reward condition. Experiment 1 and 2 investigated the effect of reward on negative emotional down-regulation and positive emotional up-regulation respectively. In experiment 1, monetary reward stimulation was introduced on the basis of the classic emotion regulation paradigm, and the subjects were asked to regulate their negative emotion under the condition of reward or non-reward, and evaluate their current affective state subsequently. Similar to experiment 1, experiment 2 required subjects to up-regulate positive emotions under the condition of reward or non-reward. The results of experiment 1 showed that under the reward condition, the negative emotional regulation effect was significantly higher than that under the non-reward condition (P < 0.05). Experiment 2 also showed that compared to non-reward condition, the positive emotion regulation effect was significantly increased under the reward condition (P < 0.05). These results suggested that compared to non-reward condition, participants can regulate their emotion better under the condition of the reward. It is worth noting that the results of Experiment 1 and 2 may be caused by the incentive motivation induced by monetary stimulus, or the positive emotion caused by positive value of money information. Therefore, we carried out experiment 3 and 4 to explore whether the positive emotions induced by money itself can influence the emotional regulation of individuals. In experiment 3, the money pictures were used to induce the positive emotions of subjects, and the subjects were asked to regulate their negative emotion after the presence of money pictures or non-monetary picture, and evaluate their current affective state subsequently. Similarly, experiment 4 required subjects to regulate their positive emotion after the presence of money pictures. The results of experiment 3 and 4 showed that there was no significant difference in the subjects' scores of emotional pleasantness after the presence of money pictures or non-monetary picture (P < 0.05). The results of experiment 3 and 4 excluded the possibility that the positive emotions induced by simple money stimulus pictures could improve individual's emotional regulation ability. To sum up, the improvement of individual's emotional regulation ability was indeed driven by reward motivation in this study, that is, the motivation induced by reward can effectively promote individual's emotional regulation ability.
Emotions ; Humans ; Motivation ; Reward

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to understand the meaning and nature of adaptation experiences among newly employed nurses in oncology ward. METHODS: The present study adopted a phenomenological method. The participants were 9 nurses employed for less than one year. Data were collected by using in-depth interviews. The question of this study was, "What are your experiences as a newly employed nurse in oncology?" RESULTS: 150 significant statements were extracted from the data, and these were clustered into 5 main categories: a 'Difficulty in performing the work of a cancer ward', 'problems with interpersonal relationships', 'striving to be a good nurse', 'satisfaction and rewarding nursing', and 'adapted oneself to be a nurse'. CONCLUSION: Newly employed nurses in oncology ward experienced and perceived feelings of difficulty in performing the work of a cancer ward, problems with interpersonal relationships, striving to be a good nurse, satisfaction and rewarding nursing, and adapting oneself to be a nurse. It is necessary to understand the experiences of new nurses, and to provide strategies that could help new nurses effectively adapt and find the meaning in their adaptation to work in oncology wards. Further research is needed on development of a program focusing on training to improve practicing ability and interpersonal relationships skills.
Nursing ; Qualitative Research ; Reward

OBJECTIVES: In previous studies, both temperament and character were known as an important factor to determine the extent of social support. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of temperament and character on social support. METHODS: A total 4329 participants completed questionnaires, which included Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS), Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). This study used Pearson's correlation to evaluate the correlation between TCI dimensions and LSNS. To find the most influential TCI dimension for LSNS, multiple regression analysis was performed for this study. RESULTS: TCI dimensions showed significant mean differences depending on gender (p<0.001). LSNS had highest positive correlation with reward dependence (r=0.357, p<0.001). Three dimensions of TCI (Persistence, Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness) had positive correlation with LSNS (p<0.001). Harm avoidance had negative correlation with LSNS (r=-0.237, p<0.001). According to the results of the multiple regression analysis, reward dependence is the most influential TCI dimension (beta=0.261, t=15.963, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: This result shows that social support is affected by properties of temperament and character. Therefore, to measure properties of temperament and character will help to assess social support.
Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Reward ; Temperament

Death, Sudden, Cardiac ; Humans ; Reward

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the causes of burnout among South Korean counselors for North Korean refugees. METHODS: Data were collected using open-ended questions in a survey from 85 South Korean counselors for North Korean refugees, and a content analysis of the textual data from the questions was conducted. RESULTS: A total of 192 statements were selected from the data and those were categorized into 3 domains, 8 categories, and 24 sub-categories. Institutional, client, and social recognition domains emerged. Findings indicate that the causes of burnout were derived from the following categories: 1) the categories for the Institutional domain were physical environment, work conflict, and work overload, 2) for the client domain, lack of cooperation, selfish attitude, and limits to interventions, and 3) for the social recognition domain, lack of rewards and identity confusion. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that community mental health professionals need to understand these causes of burnout among the counselors working with North Korean refugees. It is also necessary to do further research to develop strategies to prevent burnout and potential mental health problems for these counselors.
Counseling ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Refugees ; Reward

OBJECTIVE: A growing body of research has documented that occupational stress is associated with workers' adverse health outcomes such as mental distress, depression and burnout. This study was performed to identify the relationship between occupational stress and burnout among occupational therapists in Korea. METHODS: A total of 226 occupational therapists registered in the Korean Association of Occupational Therapist participated in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess demographics, subjective health status, work-related factors, occupational stress and burnout. Burnout was measured by Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Occupational stressors were assessed using 26-items of the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS-26(R)). This scale consists of items targeting at physical environment, job demand, insufficient job control, interpersonal conflict, job insecurity, lack of reward, organizational system and occupational climate. Simple and multiple regression analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between 8 occupational stressors and burnout, separately. SAS 9.1 version was used for the analyses, and a P<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The results show that all occupational stressors were associated with burnout after adjustment for control variables. Occupational stressors accounted for from 14.39% (p<0.001, organizational system) to 33.21% (p<0.001, occupational climate) of the variance in burnout. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that occupational stress might play a significant role in increasing the risk of burnout among occupational therapists.
Climate ; Demography ; Depression ; Korea ; Phenothiazines ; Questionnaires ; Reward

PURPOSE: The purpose was to investigate the relations among job-stress, self-efficacy, and depression of nurses. METHODS: The data were collected from a random sample of 213 nurses working in two general hospitals of a local area. A self-reported questionnaire was used to assess the level of job-stress, self-efficacy, and depression. RESULTS: The mean score of job-stress was 49.1 and the score of job demand was the highest. The mean score of self-efficacy was 3.4, and depression was 18.2. The prevalence of depression was very high. The job-stress and depression were negatively correlated with self-efficacy. Hierarchial multiple regression showed that the self-efficacy and the high job demand, lack of reward, and organizational injustice of job-stress explained 53% of the variance for the nurses' depression. CONCLUSION: The findings indicated that the self-efficacy and job stress, especially job demand, organizational injustice, and lack of reward contributed to the depression. In order to prevent and decrease the depression, the developing programs to improve self-efficacy are needed.
Depression ; Hospitals, General ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Reward