The genomic diversity of Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) was investigated in an experimentally infected chicken. ALV-J variants in tissues from four different organs of the same bird were re-isolated in DF-1 cells, and their gp85 gene was amplified and cloned. Ten clones from each organ were sequenced and compared with the original inoculum strain, NX0101. The minimum homology of each organ ranged from 96.7 to 97.6%, and the lowest homology between organs was only 94.9%, which was much lower than the 99.1% homology of inoculum NX0101, indicating high diversity of ALV-J, even within the same bird. The gp85 mutations from the left kidney, which contained tumors, and the right kidney, which was tumor-free, had higher non-synonymous to synonymous mutation ratios than those in the tumor-bearing liver and lungs. Additionally, the mutational sites of gp85 gene in the kidney were similar, and they differed from those in the liver and lung, implying that organ- or tissue-specific selective pressure had a greater influence on the evolution of ALV-J diversity. These results suggest that more ALV-J clones from different organs and tissues should be sequenced and compared to better understand viral evolution and molecular epidemiology in the field.
Animals ; Avian Leukosis Virus* ; Avian Leukosis* ; Birds ; Chickens* ; Clone Cells ; Kidney ; Liver ; Lung ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Silent Mutation

This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of people living with HIV/AIDS in Cebu, Philippines. The study utilized Husserlian qualitative phenomenological design. Ethics clearance was acquired from Vicente Sotto Memorial Medical Center - Ethics Review Committee. There were 7 informants that were recruited through purposive sampling and research referral techniques. The researchers used an open ended interview guide where interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analyzed using Collaizi's method. Three (3) themes have emerged in this study. The first emerging theme is, (1) Why get tested? With the following subthemes of, (a) Presence of Risky Behavior; and (b) Knowledge that lead to testing. The second theme is, (2) Challenges after diagnosis with subthemes of, (a) Psychosocial challenges; and (b) Physical Challenges. Lastly, the third theme is, (3) Response and Coping with HIV/AIDS with the following subthemes, (a) Establishing old and new networks: Support systems; (b) Socio-spiritual changes: lifestyle changes and being more religious; and (c) Moving Forward. High risk sexual patterns, knowing that a partner is HIV positive and the presence of some signs and symptoms are the factors considered for testing. PLWHA's compliant of their treatment regimen despite the undesirable side effects and opportunistic infections. Stigma results to non-disclosure of status and mental health issues are common. The presence of support groups is essential; PLWHA's are willing to adapt a healthy lifestyle; and they become advocates of the disease. There is a need to increase the promotion of safe sex practices and health education about HIV/AIDS. Continuous support is needed in order to increase visibility of support groups, and the development of self-advocacy skills of PLWHA's. Mental health should also be given attention.

Human ; Hiv Seropositivity ; Philippines ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Authors report the first autopsy case of acquired immune deficiency syndrome in Korea. The patient was a 26 years old Korean male who died of respiratory failure due to mixed pulmonary infections. He had history of homosexual contacts with partners of both domestic and foreign nationalities. Initial presentation was unexplained fever for two months. Serological test and western blot test for anti-HIV were positive and T-cell subset analysis revealed T3/T4/T8 to be 73/8/67%. Pulmonary tuberculosis with mediastinal lymphadenopathy and esophagonadal fistula and oral candidiasis were presented. Respiratory infection progressed gradually and he died seven months after the initial symptom. Autopsy findings were generalized severe lymphoid cell depletion, especially of T-cell population and mixed pulmonary infections with Pneumocystis carinii and cytomegalovirus (CMV). The CMV infection involved lungs and adrenals. Oral candidiasis was also demonstrated.
AIDS-Related Complex/complications/diagnosis/pathology ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications/*diagnosis/pathology ; Adult ; Autopsy ; Candidiasis/complications/diagnosis/pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/complications/diagnosis/pathology ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/complications/diagnosis/pathology

OBJECTIVETo explore the clinicopathological correlation between CD4(+) T lymphocyte count and superficial lymphadenopathy HIV/AIDS patients.

METHODSA total of 1066 HIV/AIDS patients were included in this study. The incidence of superficial lymphadenopathy, peripheral blood CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts and histological features of superficial lymphadenopathy were analyzed.

RESULTSAmong 1066 patients, 126 cases (11.8%) presented with superficial lymphadenopathy. Of the 126 cases, there were 69 cases with CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts < 100/µl and clinical diagnoses including tuberculosis (37 cases), reactive hyperplasia (8 cases), AIDS-related lymphadenopathy (18 cases), penicillium diseases (12 cases), fungal infection (5 cases) and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection (1 case). Twenty-six cases had CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts between 100/µl to 200/µl and clinical diagnosis including tuberculosis (12 cases), reactive hyperplasia (8 cases), AIDS-related lymphadenopathy(6 cases), penicillium disease (2 cases) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (1 case). Twenty-nine cases had CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts > 200/µl and clinical diagnoses including tuberculosis (11 cases), reactive hyperplasia (12 cases), AIDS-related lymphadenopathy (3 cases), Penicillium diseases (1 case) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (4 cases). The CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts among patients with tuberculosis, AIDS-related lymphadenopathy and Penicillium diseases were significantly different (χ(2) = 8.861, P = 0.012). A significant correlation between the incidence of superficial lymphadenopathy and CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts was found (χ(2) = 375.41, P = 0.000).

CONCLUSIONSThe most common cause of superficial lymphadenopathy in HIV/AIDS patients is tuberculosis, followed by lymph node reactive hyperplasia, AIDS-related lymphadenopathy and Penicillium disease. Low CD4(+) T lymphocyte count correlates with an increased incidence of superficial lymphadenopathy and the risk of opportunity infection. Therefore, determination of peripheral blood CD4(+) T lymphocyte count should become an integral marker for the early diagnosis and treatment of superficial lymphadenopathy in HIV/AIDS patients.

AIDS-Related Complex ; blood ; complications ; pathology ; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections ; blood ; complications ; pathology ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; blood ; complications ; pathology ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; Child ; Female ; HIV Infections ; blood ; complications ; pathology ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tuberculosis ; blood ; complications ; pathology ; Young Adult

In order to clarify Avian leukosis virus (ALV) characteristics from Chinese native chicken breeds, three ALV JS11C1, JS11C2 and JS11C3 were isolated from Chinese native breed "luhua" by inoculation of DF1 cell culture and detection of p27 antigen. Using PCR amplification of env gene, the amplified gp85 genes were analyzed and compared to all six chicken ALV subgroups reported. The gp85 genes of these three viruses were 1 005bp in length and encoded 335 amino acids, and the gp37 genes were 609bp and encoded 203 amino acids. The homology of gp85 among these three isolated strains was 91.9%-97.0%. Comparing to 18 stains of subgroup A, B, C, D, E published in GenBank, the homology was only in the range of 77.7%-84.6%, significantly lower than the gp85 homology observed within the common chicken subgroups A (88.2%-98.5%), B (91.6%-98.8%), and E (97.9%-99.4%). The gp85 homology compared with subgroup J was only 34.2%-36.5%. These results suggested that three isolated strains from Chinese native breed "luhua" belong to a new subgroup different from all six known subgroups from Chickens, and thus designated as subgroup K.
Animals ; Avian Leukosis ; virology ; Avian Leukosis Virus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Breeding ; Chickens ; genetics ; virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Poultry Diseases ; virology ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism

The transmembrane protein (TM) encoded by gp37 gene plays a critical role when virus fusion with cell membrane occurs. Several highly conserved regions in TM are important targets for antivirus studies. Studies on structure and function of TM will provide basic information for anti-retrovirus, especially for avian leukosis virus. In the study, gp37 gene was amplified by PCR from the Chinese strain ALV-J-WS0701. The gp37 gene was cloned into pMD18-T vector, and was sequenced. Then, pFast-BacHTb-gp37 vector was constructed and expressed by baculovirus expression vector system. The expression product of gp37 gene was analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence assay and Western blot. The results showed that positive green fluorescence was present in sf9 cells infected with recombinant virus and a protein band with a molecular weight of 21kD was present in Western blot. It is concluded that gp37 gene was expressed in sf9 cells infected with recombinant virus successfully.
Animals ; Avian Leukosis ; virology ; Avian Leukosis Virus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Cell Line ; Chickens ; Cloning, Molecular ; Gene Expression ; Spodoptera ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism

To study the correlation between 50% tissue-culture infective dose (TCID50) value and p27 antigen S/P value of Avian leukosis virus subgroup J and discuss their significance, chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells were inoculated with Avian leukosis virus subgroup J strain NX0101 and samples were tested continuously for ten days after changing maintenance media. The correlation between TCID50 and p27 antigen S/P value of ten days were then analysized. Simultaneously, DF-1 cells were inoculated with NX0101 and passaged to 20 generations. Samples taken from 1st generation, 5th generation, 10th generation, 15th generation and 20th generation were tested for the TCID50 titer and the p27 antigen S/P value separately. A significant Pearson correlation was found between them in CEF cells (r = 0.85277; P < 0.0001) and in DF-1 cells (r = 0.93000; P = 0.0220). This study provided an important parameter for predicting TCID50 by detecting the p27 antigen S/P value.
Animals ; Avian Leukosis ; virology ; Avian Leukosis Virus ; immunology ; pathogenicity ; Chick Embryo ; Fibroblasts ; virology ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ; analysis ; immunology ; Viral Load ; immunology

Recently, avian viral diseases have become one of the main models to study mechanisms of viral infections and pathogenesis. The study of regulatory relationships and mechanisms between viruses and microRNAs has also become the focus. In this review, we briefly summarize the general situations of microRNAs encoded by avian herpesviruses. Also, we analyze the regulatory relationships between tumorigenicity of avian herpesviruses and microRNAs. Additionally, the possible applications for prevention and treatment of viral diseases (such as infectious bursal disease, avian influenza and avian leucosis) using the regulatory mechanisms of microRNAs are also discussed.
Animals ; Avian Leukosis ; Birds ; virology ; Birnaviridae Infections ; Herpesviridae ; genetics ; Influenza in Birds ; MicroRNAs ; genetics

Two subgroup J avian leukosis viurses (ALVs) were isolated from broiler breeder flocks, in which myeloid leukosis had occurred. The isolates could be classified as subgroup J ALV. by the positive reaction in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers specific for subgroup J ALV. Two isolates replicated in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells from the alv6 chicken line in which cells are resistant to subgroup A and E ALVs. In in vitro serum neutralization tests with other subgroup ALVs including ADOL-Hc1, the prototype of subgroup J ALVs isolated in the United States of America, two isolates were partially neutralized by antibody to ADOL-Hc1, indicating that Korean isolates and ADOL-Hc1 may be antigenically related, but not identical. When the PCR was done with a primer pair designed to amplify genes of E element and long terminal repeat of proviral DNA, the PCR product size of one isolate (KOAL-PET) was smaller than that of ADOL-Hc1, suggesting that some sequences in these regions are deleted.
Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Antigens, Viral/immunology ; Avian Leukosis/virology ; Avian leukosis virus/*classification/genetics/immunology/*isolation & purification ; Cell Line ; Chick Embryo ; Chickens/*virology ; Korea ; Neutralization Tests ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Poultry Diseases/virology

By inoculation of blood samples in DF-1 (C/E) cell culture, an exogenous avian leukosis virus (ALV) strain SDAU09C2 was isolated from a breeder farm of Chinese native breed "Luhua" in Shandong province. Comparisons of the amino acid sequence of env gene gp85 from the isolate with those from other ALV reference strains of different subgroups indicated that SDAU09C2 had the highest gp85 identity to two reference strains of subgroup B of 92.5%. Its gp85 identity to other chicken ALV subgroups A, C, D, E was in the range of 73.2%-87.9%. The identity to subgroup J was only 30.3%-32.4%. This is the first report on isolation and identification of ALV-B and its gp85 from Chinese native breed chickens.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Avian Leukosis ; virology ; Avian Leukosis Virus ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Breeding ; Chickens ; Female ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Poultry Diseases ; virology ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics