1.Oral ketamine induced pathological changes of the urinary tract in a rat model
Retnagowri Rajandram ; Ning Yi Yap ; Teng Aik Ong ; Azad H. A. Razack
The Malaysian Journal of Pathology 2017;39(1):47-53
In recent years, prolonged ketamine abuse has been reported to cause urinary tract
damage. However, there is little information on the pathological effects of ketamine from oral
administration. We aimed to study the effects of oral ketamine on the urinary tract and the reversibility
of these changes after cessation of ketamine intake. Methods: Rats were fed with illicit (a concoction
of street ketamine) ketamine in doses of 100 (N=12), or 300 mg/kg (N=12) for four weeks. Half
of the rats were sacrificed after the 4-week feeding for necropsy. The remaining rats were taken
off ketamine for 8 weeks to allow for any potential recovery of pathological changes before being
sacrificed for necropsy. Histopathological examination was performed on the kidney and urinary
bladder. Results: Submucosal bladder inflammation was seen in 67% of the rats fed with 300 mg/kg
illicit ketamine. No bladder inflammation was observed in the control and 100 mg/kg illicit ketamine
groups. Renal changes, such as interstitial nephritis and papillary necrosis, were observed in rats
given illicit ketamine. After ketamine cessation, no inflammation was observed in the bladder of all
rats. However, renal inflammation remained in 60% of the rats given illicit ketamine. No dose-effect
relationship was established between oral ketamine and changes in the kidneys. Conclusion: Oral
ketamine caused pathological changes in the urinary tract, similar to that described in exposure to
parenteral ketamine. The changes in the urinary bladder were reversible after short-term exposure.
2.Comparative efficacy and safety of energy coagulation in radiation-induced hemorrhagic cystitis: A narrative review
Wei Chern KHERN ; Retnagowri RAJANDRAM ; Novinth Kumar Raja RAM ; Shanggar KUPPUSAMY
Investigative and Clinical Urology 2025;66(2):97-105
To assess the efficacy and safety of using energy devices as treatment for radiation-induced hemorrhagic cystitis (RHC) and to determine the most suitable energy source, settings and techniques based on laser-tissue interaction. A search of Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science databases was conducted uptil February 2024 to identify studies on use of energy devices for RHC.Additionally, ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization’s ICTRP (International Clinical Trials Registry Platform) were searched for ongoing studies. We identified 10 studies fulfilling the search criteria using modalities including Nd:YAG laser, argon plasma coagulation, 980-nm diode laser, and potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) laser. Across studies (n=137), majority (n=116, 84.7%) of RHC patients achieved hematuria resolution after one treatment session, with mean/median hematuria-free intervals of 11 to 16 months. Six patients (4.4%) were unresponsive and underwent cystectomy/urinary diversion. Total adverse events occurred in patients (30/139, 21.6%), including storage symptoms, recurrent hematuria, bladder stones and urinary retention, among others. Typical laser settings involved low power (<40 W), with either a pulse duration of 2–3 seconds or 10–40 milliseconds; some used continuous wave mode. Other standard practises include selective coagulation employed in a “painting” fashion and non-contact mode (3–5 mm). The treatment endpoints were hemostasis, involution of telangiectatic vessels and formation of pale well-circumscribed mucosal ulcer. Energy devices have considerable efficacy and safety to treat RHC patients and can be considered for refractory RHC and as an adjunct after initial management. The various properties of KTP laser confers an advantage over other energy devices.
3.Vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischaemia in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage (aneurysmal and pretruncal non-aneurysmal): a centre’s perspective
Narendra Balasekaran ; Shahrul Aiman Soelar ; Lalita Anbarasen ; Chun Yoong Cham ; Retnagowri Rajandram ; Sheau Fung Sia
The Medical Journal of Malaysia 2021;76(1):17-23
Spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a
significant cause of stroke and may lead to severe
neurological deficit or death. It is also associated with high
morbidity and mortality for patients despite optimal medical
and surgical treatment. Based on the World Health
Organization the annual incidence of spontaneous SAH
varies in different regions of the world between
2.0-22.5 per 100,000 populations with Finland and
Japan having the highest incidence and South and
Central America with lowest incidence.1