One hundred normal optic discs were analysed by fluorographic fundus pictures. Horizontal diameter of optic disc was set as 10. The following results were obtained. 1) The vertical diameter of optic disc was larger than the horizontal one. (10.77 : 10). 2) The ratio of diameters of cenitral retinal vein(CRV) was 1 : 1.51 before and 1 : 1.47 after fluorescein injection. 3) The central retinal artery(CRA) located nasal to the CRV in most cases. 4) In nearly half of cases, physiologic cups located at the nasal portion of optic discs. 5) The average size of physologic cup was 2.90. 6) The cilioretinal artery was detected in 58% of cases in which one cilioretinal artery was found in 42%, two was found in 16%. 7) The CRA made branchings more than retinal veins (7.74 : 5.48) and total sum of diameters of retinal artery was larger than that of retinal vein at the disc margin.
Arteries ; Fluorescein ; Retinal Artery ; Retinal Vein ; Retinaldehyde

PURPOSE: To evaluate the damage to the inner retina in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), we recorded multifocal electroretinograms (mfERG) and analyzed the waveform changes of the first and the second order kernel responses. METHODS: Eight eyes of patients with unilateral BRVO were included. Fourteen eyes of 14 normal subjects were also tested as controls. VERIS system was used to record mfERG. The first and the second order kernel responses of each quadrant were averaged. Averaged responses were compared with those of the contralateral eyes and normal control eyes. RESULTS: The amplitudes of averaged tracing decreased in the N1, P1, and N2 of the first order kernel responses in the affected quadrant in comparison with those of contralateral and normal control eyes (P<0.05). Prolongation of latency was noted in N1, P1 and N2 in the affected quadrant. In the second order kernel responses of the affected quadrant, no responses were found in four patients. The delay in latency and the decrease in amplitude were more marked in the second order kernel responses than in the first order kernel responses (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The first order mfERG components decreased in amplitude and increased in latency, with N2 being the most severely affected. And the second order mfERG components were more decreased in the affected area in patients with BRVO. These results suggested that the second order kernel responses may reflect the condition of the inner retina better than the first order kernel responses.
Humans ; Retina ; Retinal Vein Occlusion* ; Retinal Vein* ; Retinaldehyde*

No abstract available.
Retinal Vein Occlusion* ; Retinal Vein* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Vitreous Hemorrhage*

PURPOSE: To evaluate clinical patterns according to the occlusion site in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion. METHODS: Ninety-one branch retinal vein occlusion patients were divided into 4 groups according to the occlusion site based on the description by Duke-Elder and Wybar: Papillary retinal vein occlusion group (group A), main retinal vein occlusion group (group B), minor retinal vein occlusion group (group C), and retinal venule occlusion group (group D). The following factors were analyzed retrospectively: baseline/final visual acuity, visual improvement, macular thickness, and macular circulatory states. RESULTS: The macular thickness (microm) was 575.33 +/- 178.44 in group A, 511.92 +/- 218.02 in group B, 397.21 +/- 144.51 in group C, and 336.68 +/- 120.55 in group D. The retinal ischemic area (DD) was 22.00 +/- 13.28 in group A, 18.26 +/- 10.12 in group B, 12.52 +/- 10.52 in group C, and 12.36 +/- 11.92 in group D, which was found to be significantly greater in the group with the higher branch occlusion site (p < 0.05). However, visual acuity, macular circulatory states and other clinical characteristics were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: Occlusion site is a relating factor for retinal ischemic area and macular thickness in patients with Branch retinal vein occlussion, but which is not a prognostic factor for final visual acuity.
Humans ; Retinal Vein ; Retinal Vein Occlusion ; Retinaldehyde ; Venules ; Visual Acuity

Retinal arteriovenous crossing sites are important because they are generally the points at which. in branch retinal obstruction, a blockage of venous blood flow occurs. We evaluated retrospectively the cases of 54 patiens wIth a recent temporal branch retinal vein occlusion to determine the relative anatomic position of the obstructed vein in relation to its crossing artery. In 54 (100%) of 54 eyes, the artery lay antenor to the vein, toward the vitreous cavity. In the control corssing site, the artery lay anterior to the vein 41.3% (J9/46) of the time (p<0.01) The second control group, which was obtained by examining all of the first-and second-order, without BRVO, consisted of 103 crossing sites. In this second control group's artenovenous crossmgs, the arteries were situated anteriorly in 83 (80.6%) of 103 crossing sites (p<0.005). Our observation that the artery lies anterior to the vein at the all of BRVO crossing sites contributes further evidence that mechanical factors play a prominent role in the causing BRVO.
Arteries ; Retinal Vein Occlusion* ; Retinal Vein* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Retrospective Studies ; Veins

Vitreous fluorophotometry was used to measure blood retinal barrier permeability to fluorescein in 15 patients with branch retinal vein occlusion(BRVO). Mean posterior vitreous fluorescein concentration(3mm) was 20.0 +/- 11.3(ng/ml) in affected eyes, and 2.99 +/- 1.22(ng/ml) in unaffected eyes. There was a statistically significant difference between the affected eye and unaffected eye(p<0.05). Also there was a correlation between the hemorrhage area and the posterior vitreous fluorescein concentration(r2=0.819). This study revealed that the permeability of blood retinal barrier was increased in BRVO as compared to the contralateral eye, and the higher permeability values were associated with the extent of area involved.
Blood-Retinal Barrier ; Fluorescein ; Fluorophotometry ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Permeability ; Retina* ; Retinal Vein Occlusion* ; Retinal Vein* ; Retinaldehyde*

Forty three eyes with vitreous hemorrhage caused by branch retinal vein occlusion had been underwent pars plana vitrectomy and followed-up over 6 months. The eyes were classified into 4 groups according to intraoperative fundus findings-group 1; vitreous hemorrhage only, group 2; vitreous hemorrhage with fibrovascular proliferation, group 3; vitreous hemorrhage with traction retinal detachments, group 4; vitreous hemorrhage with rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Analysis was focused on the clinical characteristics and postoperative outcome in each group. The durations of vitreous hemorrhage were longer significantly in group 2 and group 3. The vision improved postoperatively in 35 of 43 eyes(81.3%). The percentage of postoperative visual improvements was 100%(18 of 18 eyes) in group 1, 85.7%(12 of 14 eyes) in group 2, 66.6%(4 of 6 eyes) in group 3, and 20$(1 of 5 eyes) in group 4. The preoperative ultrasono-graphic findings of retinal status were accorded with intraoperative retinal findings in 74.4% of eyes.
Retinal Detachment ; Retinal Vein Occlusion* ; Retinal Vein* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Traction ; Ultrasonography ; Vitrectomy ; Vitreous Hemorrhage*

32 eyes with vitroretinal pathologies caused by branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) under went pars plana vitrectomy. Visual acuity was restored postoperatively in 28 of 32 eyes (87.5%). Visual acuity was restored in 19 of 19 eyes (100%) with vitreous opacity only, in 5 of 6 eyes (83.3%) with fibrous proliferation and in 4 of 7 eyes (57.1%) with retinal detachment. Regarding final visual acuity. 78.1% showed 0.1 or better, and 43.8% showed 0.5 or better Among the complications. surgically induced retinal detachment showed the worst prognosis.
Pathology* ; Prognosis ; Retinal Detachment ; Retinal Vein Occlusion* ; Retinal Vein* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy*

PURPOSE: To measure the diameter of the retinal arterial and venous caliber of normal Korean subjects and evaluate the factors affecting these diameters. METHODS: Fundus photography was performed on 152 normal Korean subjects. Central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE) were measured with a computer-based program (IVAN), and were used to investigate the relationship between the diameter and factors including age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking. RESULTS: Among the study subjects, the CRVE was 209.33 +/- 12.40 microm and the CRAE was 149.70 +/- 9.01 microm. The CRVE and CRAE decreased with increasing age in all study subjects (both p < 0.001). There were significant gender differences in the CRVE and CRAE (p = 0.002, p = 0.042, respectively). After adjusting for age and gender, the hypertension group showed smaller CRVE and CRAE than the non-hypertension group (p = 0.038, p = 0.032, respectively). Smoking and diabetes were not significant factors affecting the CRAE and CRVE (both p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In our study group, retinal vascular caliber of normal Korean subjects decreased with aging. Retinal vascular caliber was affected by gender and hypertension, but not by smoking and diabetes.
Aging ; Hypertension ; Photography ; Retinal Artery ; Retinal Vein ; Retinaldehyde* ; Smoke ; Smoking

The retinal blood bessels exit the optic disc and branch in a complex pattern to serve the metabolic need of the inner retina. As the vessels traverse the retina, the arteries and veins frequently cross one another. Recently, there has been renewed iterest in the orientation of the crossing retinal vessels at arteriovenous intersections, particularly as it relates to the risk of branch retinal vein occlusion. The authors studied standard fundus photographs of 30 subjects(60 eyes) who don't habve any retinal and systemic disorders. Arteriovenous crossings were analized for fundus location and relative orientation of the crossing vessels(vein-posterior or vein-anterior). In the superotemporal quadrant, A-V crossings were a greater number, distributed closer to the optic disc than the inferotemporal quadrant. Also a greater proportion of crossings was vein-posterior than the inferotemporal quadrant. These findings may explain the predilection for branch retinal vein occlusions to occur frequency in the superotemporal quadrant.
Arteries ; Retina* ; Retinal Vein Occlusion ; Retinal Vessels ; Retinaldehyde ; Veins