BACKGROUNDIt is very common for professional divers to have damage on the retinas. Severe retinal lesions can profoundly affect athletes' training efficacy and their daily lives. At present, it is not clear if there is effective preventive action. Thus, in our study, we continuously tracked the ocular changes in athletes and closely monitored the risk factors associated with retinal detachment. Also, we analyzed possible interventions, their associated factors, and efficacies for timely preventions to protect the retina from damage in professional divers.

METHODSBetween 2009 and 2012, a total of 39 professional divers enrolled in follow-up management. The conducted examinations included ocular examination, record screening on retinal lesion, monitoring best-corrected visual acuity, and checking intraocular pressure (IOP) and the scope of retinal lesion. The management included optimizing training methods, taking customized follow-up based on different retinal lesions, laser treatments for definite cases of retinal tear, retinal degeneration caused by retinal layer thinning or vitreous traction, and observing the changes in the scope of retinopathy.

RESULTSEvery year, the percentage of divers who have various degrees of retinal lesions is between 43.3% and 56.2%. During the 4 years, there were no statistically significant differences in divers' best-corrected visual acuity and retinal lesions. There were also no statistically significant differences between male and female athletes. However, there were statistically significant differences in IOP during these years. Moreover there were statistically significant differences in IOP and the scope of retinal lesions between platform divers and springboard divers.

CONCLUSIONSOur management of retinal lesions could be effective to prevent severe retinopathy in professional divers. At the same time, platform divers are more likely to have retinal lesions than springboard divers.

Adolescent ; Diving ; injuries ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Retina ; pathology ; Retinal Detachment ; etiology ; Retinal Diseases ; therapy

proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the most common cause of failure in retinal reattachment surgery. Three different procedures were performed in 20 pigmented rabbits to devise a simple model to induce experimental PVR. Rabbits were assigned randomly to three groups (I, II, and III). Group I rabbits (5 rabbits, 10 eyes) rereived normal saline into the vitreous cavity, after an iatrogenic retinal tear was made. In group II rabits (8 rabbits, 8 eyes), a suspension of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid from the left eye was transferred into the vitreous cavity of the right eye. In group III rabbits (7 rabbits, 7 eyes), a suspension of RPE and choroid from the left eye was transferred into the vitreous cavity of the right eye after an iatrogenic retinal tear was made. The fundus was observed for 2 months with an indirect ophthalmoscope. The incidence of retinal detachment in group I was zero (O/IO), that of group II was 37.5% (3/8), and that of group III was 85.7% (6/7). Electron microscopic findings of the vitreous strand of one eye of group II showed a central melanocytic core, peripheral fibroblasts, and intercellular collasen fibril. Electron microscopic findings in one eye of group III revealed a subretinal membrane composed of suspected RPE and glial cells.
Animals ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Pigment Epithelium of Eye/pathology ; Rabbits ; Retinal Diseases/*etiology ; Vitreous Body/pathology

Acupuncture Therapy ; Aged, 80 and over ; Eye Diseases ; etiology ; therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Retinal Artery Occlusion ; complications

This is a descriptive study of Tersons syndrome among patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage at the Philippine General Hospital. The incidence of Tersons syndrome was 13.4 percent. There were no statistically significant differences in outcomes among patients with and without Tersons syndrome. (Author)
Human ; EYE DISEASES ; EYE HEMORRHAGE ; RETINAL HEMORRHAGE ; VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE ; VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE/ETIOLOGY ; PROGNOSIS ; ANEURYSM ; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE

OBJECTIVE: To build bridges between anti-α enolase antibody (anti-enolase 1 antibody, anti-ENO1 antibody) and common clinical and laboratory characteristics of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to analyze the role of anti-ENO1 antibody in the evaluation of SLE disease activity. METHODS: The SLE patients with retinopathy and without retinopathy were enrolled in the study, as well as healthy individuals whose gender and age matched with those of the SLE patients. Serum anti-ENO1 antibodies were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), presenting as intra-group positive rate and arbitrary units (AU) value. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained from medical records. RESULTS: The SLE retinopathy patients represented various fundus abnormalities. Ranked by percentage, the top three retinopathies were retinal hemorrhage (14/32, 43.75%), cotton-wool spots (8/32, 25.00%) and retinal vein occlusion (3/32, 9.38%). Among the 32 SLE retinopathy patients, 13 (40.63%) suffered from two or more fundus abnormalities. The positive rate and AU value of the SLE patients were higher than of the SLE patients without retinopathy (68.75% vs. 46.00%, P=0.043; 16.11%±10.35% vs. 12.06%±6.47%, P=0.045). Besides, the positive rate and AU value of the two SLE groups were both significantly higher than those of the healthy control group (P < 0.001). Compared with the SLE-without-retinopathy group, the systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI)-2000 of the SLE retinopathy patients were significantly higher than those of the SLE patients without retinopathy (17.41±4.25 vs. 9.48±5.35, P < 0.001). Dividing all the SLE patients into an anti-ENO1-positive group and an anti-ENO1-negative group, we found that anti-ENO1-positive was more likely to be correlated to developing fever and positive result of urine occult blood (P=0.011, P=0.042). Comparing with the patients with negative anti-ENO1 antibodies, the patients with positive anti-ENO1 antibodies had significantly higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) [the median (range) was 29.50 (1.52-110.00) mg/L vs. 12.00 (4.00-101.00) mg/L, P=0.001], higher immunoglobulin G (IgG) [the median (range) was 14.30 (4.02-37.80) g/L vs. 10.46 (2.50-25.73) g/L, P=0.000 3], and higher blood platelet count (PLT) [(205.87×10⁹±67.98×10⁹) /L vs. (164.57×10⁹±69.57×10⁹) /L, P=0.008], as well as higher immunoglobulin A (IgA) [the median (range) was 2.85 (0.07-27.00) g/L vs. 2.05 (0.42-4.36) g/L, P=0.014]. CONCLUSION The positive rate and AU value of anti-ENO1 antibody suggested higher SLE disease activity and they were elevated in SLE and SLE retinopathy.
Humans ; Autoantibodies ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Retinal Diseases/etiology* ; Immunoglobulin G

The variability of cardiovascular abnormalities is one of the characteristics of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Among the cardiovascular manifestations, hypertension is reported in 14% to 58.1% of patients in diverse ethnic populations, and remains a clinically important issue due to its close relationship with early mortality in patients with SLE. The development of hypertension in patients with SLE has been associated with advanced lupus-related renal disease and the medications used for the treatment of lupus. Malignant hypertension is a serious complication of hypertension; it rarely occurs in patients with SLE. However, it can occur in patients with other complicated medical conditions such as the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) or cardiac tamponade. Here, we report the case of a patient with SLE and malignant hypertension with hypertensive retinopathy that initially presented without clinical evidence of APS or hypertensive nephropathy.
Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension, Malignant/*diagnosis/*etiology ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*complications/*diagnosis ; Lupus Nephritis/complications/diagnosis ; Retinal Diseases/*diagnosis/*etiology

Acupuncture Therapy ; Adolescent ; Female ; Humans ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic ; complications ; Optic Nerve Diseases ; etiology ; therapy ; Retinal Degeneration ; etiology ; therapy

INTRODUCTIONThe aim of this review was to describe the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the diagnosis and management of retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

MATERIALS AND METHODSWe reviewed the tomographic characteristics of the eyes affected by RAP seen at our institution and imaged by OCT. Some eyes with RAP were also studied with OCT prior to and after laser treatment to determine the tomographic changes following laser photocoagulation.

RESULTSIn this preliminary report, OCT showed a typical pattern of structural changes in RAP: increased foveal thickness, cystoid macular oedema (CME) consisting of large central cysts and smaller cystoid spaces located mainly in the outer retinal layers, serous retinal detachment and a highly reflective intraretinal mass overlying a highly or moderately elevated retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). This mass corresponded to the hot spot observed on ICG angiography. After successful laser photocoagulation, significant decrease in foveal thickness, complete resolution of CME and retinal detachment with thinning of the neurosensory retina overlying the treated area could be observed.

CONCLUSIONSOCT appears to be useful in evaluating and documenting RAP in AMD patients both before and after laser photocoagulation. Longitudinal studies are required to determine its exact place and utility in clinical practice.

Angiomatosis ; etiology ; pathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Laser Coagulation ; Macular Degeneration ; complications ; Retinal Diseases ; etiology ; pathology ; surgery ; Tomography, Optical Coherence

The aim of this study is to elucidate the association of neovascularization in branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) combined with major arterial insufficiency (MAI), compared with BRVO alone. The authors retrospectively reviewed the charts, color photographs, and fluorescein angiograms of 304 patients (308 eyes) who had BRVO from 1990 to 2002 at Hanyang University hospital. Patients with BRVO combined with MAI and patients with BRVO alone were differentiated by angiographic appearance. Of the 308 eyes, 12 (3.9%) had neovascularization, all of which were in the 56 eyes of the MAI group for which the neovascularization rate was 21.4%. Neovascularization in BRVO was more strongly associated with the non-perfusion caused by MAI, rather than with the extent of the non-perfusion area that originated from retinal capillary obstruction. MAI is considered as a risk factor for neovascularization and hence could be a prognostic factor.
Adult ; Aged ; Comparative Study ; Female ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retinal Artery/*physiopathology ; Retinal Diseases/*complications/physiopathology ; Retinal Neovascularization/diagnosis/*etiology/physiopathology ; Retinal Vein Occlusion/*complications/diagnosis/physiopathology ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: Protein C deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder, which predisposes the patient to potentially blinding and widespread lethal thromboembolic complications, especially in the homozygous type. We here report the first Korean case of ophthalmic involvement and its surgical treatment in homozygous protein C deficiency. METHODS: A 3.4kg, full term girl was born by normal delivery but showed bilateral leukocoria on day 2. Laboratory results disclosed a very low protein C activity level (10%) in the patient and moderately decreased levels in the other family members. Ophthalmic examination showed bilateral corneal opacity and shallow anterior chamber. B-scan ultrasonography which showed intravitreal mass lesions without microphthalmos and a funnel-shaped retinal detachment suggested bilateral retinal dysplasia. RESULTS: As the eyes were under progression of secondary glaucoma, bilateral lensectomies were performed at 2 months old and corneal opacity was regressed to some degree. However, at 14 months old, the left eye showed moderate corneal opacity with a band keratopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Although visual outcome was very poor after surgery, we could impede or slow down the progression of secondary glaucoma and save the eyeballs in the infant with homozygous protein C deficiency.
Anterior Chamber/ultrasonography ; Cataract/etiology ; Female ; Glaucoma/*etiology ; *Homozygote ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Lens, Crystalline/surgery ; Protein C Deficiency/*complications/*genetics ; Retinal Diseases/*etiology