Objective: This study correlated the patterns of ocular B- and A-scans of intraocular retinoblastoma (RB) with corresponding histopathology sections. It aimed to establish a more objective basis for determining intraocular retinoblastoma by ultrasonography (UTZ) and to determine the degree of malignancy and viability of the tumor cells. Methods: New cases of retinoblastoma seen at the University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital (UP-PGH) from January 1994 to December 2003 were reviewed. Included were patients who underwent enucleation and whose eyeballs were processed at the UP Institute of Ophthalmology. Those with good quality ocular ultrasonographs (UTZ) and clear matching histopathologic sections were finally selected. Findings were correlated and analyzed.Results: Retinoblastoma (RB) showed multiplicity of lesions on UTZ corresponding to multiple lesions on histopathology. The following characteristic patterns were seen: Very malignant RB or pseudorosettes: fine, grainy densities on B-scan with short to medium broad spikes on A-scan ("V-W" pattern). Moderate differentiation with moderate necrosis and early calcific plaques: fine, dense grainy opacities on B-scan with multiple thin, high spikes admixed with tall, broad spikes of calcium deposits on A-scan. Well-differentiated RB with compact viable cells and no necrosis: large, white densities on B-scan with an initial high spike and high internal reflectivity, sometimes "plateauing," on A-scan with no calcific deposits. Complete tumor necrosis with calcific plaques: echolucent space with dense, white, plaque-like opacities on B-scan; flat or low spikes mixed with tall, broad spikes corresponding to calcium plaques on A-scan. Normal vitreous, serous subretinal fluid, or recent hemorrhage: echolucent area on B-scan with flat or low spikes on A-scan. Conclusion: The three most frequent findings in intraocular retinoblastoma were calcific plaques with liquefaction necrosis, multiplicity of lesions, and pseudorosettes. Ocular ultrasound of retinoblastoma showed good histopathologic correlation.
Human ; RETINOBLASTOMA ; ULTRASONOGRAPHY ; RETINAL NEOPLASMS ; RETINAL DISEASES ; EYE DISEASES ; PATHOLOGY

Authors studied characteristics of ERG b-wave and oscillatory potential, which can be applied to ERG protocol for clinical purposes. Following conclusions were obtained from the ERG test performed on 20 normal men(40 eyes) during dark adaptation and light adaptation time, under the conditions where other factors were equal. 1. In the scotopic ERG test, 88%(364/414uv) of maximum b-wave amplitude in 30 minutes were obtained in first 1 minute of dark adaptation. By using this shortening scotopic protocol for the acquired retinal disease, sufficient result can be expected without the over 20 minutes dark adaptation. 2. In the photopic ERG test, if over 30 minutes dark adaptation time were given, it would take at least 15 minutes to reach the regular initial photopic value. Therefore, it is recommended that photopic ERG test be done before the scotopic ERG test. 3. In the oscillatory potential test, light adaptation time has little effect on summed photopic oscillatory potential amplitudes and implicit time. Summed scoto pic oscillatory potential amplitude reaches the highest 1 minute after the dark adaptation. Therefore, it is recommended that to obtain higher amplitude and more sensitive test result, oscillatory potential test be done 1 minute after the dark adaptation.
Adaptation, Ocular* ; Dark Adaptation* ; Retinal Diseases

Eales disease is an uncommon idiopathic vasoproliferative retinal disease that primarily affects the peripheral retina. We experienced a 17-year-old male patient who was referred to our clinic because of retinal hemorrhage at the superior temporal quadrant of his left eye. After excluding other causes of branch retinal vein occlusion with medical evaluation, the primary branch retinal vein occlusion was diagnosed. During the follow-up period, retinal vasculitis developed in the peripheral retina of his both eyes along with rapid development of the neovascularization in the left eye. Eales disease was diagnosed. In spite of scattered laser photocoagulation, vitreous hemorrhage eventually occurred, requiring pars plana vitrectomy. We emphasize the occurrence of the branch retinal vein occlusion in young patient with Eales disease.
Adolescent ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Light Coagulation ; Male ; Retina ; Retinal Diseases ; Retinal Hemorrhage ; Retinal Vasculitis ; Retinal Vein Occlusion* ; Retinal Vein* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Vitrectomy ; Vitreous Hemorrhage

The retinal vein occlusion is one of the most common retinal diseases, and the establishment of animal model in rats will be a great help for further study. We occluded branch retinal veins with rose bengal dye injection followed by argon-green laser photocoagulation in albino rats. Retinal vein occlusion was maintained over 1 day in 35 eyes out of 47, maximally over 5 days. Retinal tissue damage was confined to the photocoagulated areas in most eyes and the loss of ganglion cells began when the occlusion persisted over 1 day. If the reproducibility is further increased, this will be a good animal model of retinal vein occlusion in albino rats.
Animals ; Ganglion Cysts ; Light Coagulation ; Models, Animal ; Rats* ; Retinal Diseases ; Retinal Vein Occlusion* ; Retinal Vein* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Rose Bengal

Thyroid ophthalmolopathy causes bilateral proptosis, restricted ocular movements and optic neuropathy due to inflammatory cell infiltration into the soft tissue. We report a case of central retinal artery occlusion after thyroid ophthalmopathy by swelling of retrobulbar soft tussue and compression of optic nerve and brief review of related literature was presented.
Exophthalmos ; Optic Nerve ; Optic Nerve Diseases ; Retinal Artery Occlusion* ; Retinal Artery* ; Thyroid Gland*

PURPOSE: To determine the difference in subfoveal choroidal thickness between two spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) systems in normal eyes and eyes with retinal diseases. METHODS: Thirty-three normal eyes and 49 eyes with retinal disease (13 eyes with diabetic retinopathy, 28 eyes with epiretinal membrane and eight eyes with macular hole) were enrolled in the study. Subfoveal choroidal thicknesses were measured by 3 observers using the enhanced depth imaging technique of Heidelberg Spectralis(R) and the high-definition five-line raster scan of Cirrus HD-OCT(R) using calipers within the program. Differences between the measured values were analyzed with a paired t-test in PASW 18.0. RESULTS: The mean age of normal eyes was 67.31 years, while eyes with diabetic retinopathy, epiretinal membrane and macular hole were aged 56.08 years, 70.00 years and 68.50 years, respectively. The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness of normal eyes was 237.61 +/- 104.60 microm for Spectralis and 239.52 +/- 92.08 microm for Cirrus and showed no significant difference (p = 0.397). Eyes with diabetic retinopathy, epiretinal membrane, and macular hole measured 267.46 +/- 74.91 microm, 236.79 +/- 84.16 microm and 209.63 +/- 86.71 microm for Spectralis, respectively, and 266.69 +/- 73.76 microm, 226.75 +/- 77.30 microm and 206.75 +/- 78.69 microm for Cirrus. They also showed no statistical difference (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Subfoveal choroidal thickness measurements according to Heidelberg Spectralis(R) and Cirrus HD-OCT(R) in both normal eyes and eyes with retinal diseases showed no significant differences.
Choroid* ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; Epiretinal Membrane ; Retinal Diseases ; Retinal Perforations ; Tomography, Optical Coherence*

BACKGROUNDIt is very common for professional divers to have damage on the retinas. Severe retinal lesions can profoundly affect athletes' training efficacy and their daily lives. At present, it is not clear if there is effective preventive action. Thus, in our study, we continuously tracked the ocular changes in athletes and closely monitored the risk factors associated with retinal detachment. Also, we analyzed possible interventions, their associated factors, and efficacies for timely preventions to protect the retina from damage in professional divers.

METHODSBetween 2009 and 2012, a total of 39 professional divers enrolled in follow-up management. The conducted examinations included ocular examination, record screening on retinal lesion, monitoring best-corrected visual acuity, and checking intraocular pressure (IOP) and the scope of retinal lesion. The management included optimizing training methods, taking customized follow-up based on different retinal lesions, laser treatments for definite cases of retinal tear, retinal degeneration caused by retinal layer thinning or vitreous traction, and observing the changes in the scope of retinopathy.

RESULTSEvery year, the percentage of divers who have various degrees of retinal lesions is between 43.3% and 56.2%. During the 4 years, there were no statistically significant differences in divers' best-corrected visual acuity and retinal lesions. There were also no statistically significant differences between male and female athletes. However, there were statistically significant differences in IOP during these years. Moreover there were statistically significant differences in IOP and the scope of retinal lesions between platform divers and springboard divers.

CONCLUSIONSOur management of retinal lesions could be effective to prevent severe retinopathy in professional divers. At the same time, platform divers are more likely to have retinal lesions than springboard divers.

Adolescent ; Diving ; injuries ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Retina ; pathology ; Retinal Detachment ; etiology ; Retinal Diseases ; therapy

Clinical ophthalmologists consider each retinal disease as a completely unique entity. However, various retinal diseases, such as uveitis, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and primary open-angle glaucoma, share a number of common pathogenetic pathways. Whether a retinal disease initiates from direct injury to the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) or a defect/injury to retinal neurons or glia that impairs the BRB secondarily, the BRB is a pivotal point in determining the prognosis as self-limiting and recovering, or developing and progressing to a clinical phenotype. The present review summarizes our current knowledge on the physiology and cellular and molecular pathology of the BRB, which underlies its pivotal role in the initiation and development of common retinal diseases.
Blood-Retinal Barrier ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; Humans ; Macular Degeneration ; Phenotype ; Retinal Diseases

The retinal vein occlusion is one of the most common, vision-threatening retinal diseases, and the establishment of animal model in rats will be of great help for further study. We occluded retinal veins with rose bengal dye injection followed by argon green laser photocoagulation in albino rats and confirmed the occlusion of veins with fluorescein angiography one hour after photocoagulation. We occluded half of an all of major retinal veins in 12 eyes, respectively. After 1-2 weeks of follow-up, histologic examinations were done. Eyes which underwent occlusion of all major retinal veins showed severe retinal atrophy and preretinal neovas-cularization developed in two eyes. Eyes which underwent occlusion of half of retinal veins showed relatively less damage and the number of retinal ganglion cells was significantly reduced in occluded area than that in control area (P=0.0033), which might represent the ischemic damage of inner retina. We expect that it will be possible to establish an animal model of retinal vein occlusion in albino rats using this method.
Animals ; Argon ; Atrophy ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Follow-Up Studies ; Light Coagulation ; Models, Animal ; Rats* ; Retina ; Retinal Diseases ; Retinal Ganglion Cells ; Retinal Vein ; Retinal Vein Occlusion ; Retinaldehyde ; Rose Bengal ; Veins*

PURPOSE: To compare the multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) system to full-field ERGs obtained from patients with known retinal diseases in order to assess its clinical applicability. METHODS: Full-field ERGs, mfERG, fluorescein angiography, visual field examination were performed in normal person and in patients with retinitis pigmentosa, nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion, branch retinal vein occlusion, Vogot-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, central serous chorioretinopathy, macular degeneration or retinal detachment. RESULTS: The dysfunctional areas measured by mfERG were well compatible to those assumed by findings of full-field ERGs. However, the results of mfERG in the retina with central serous chorioretinopathy were shown abnormal response despite of normal response of full-field ERGs. The results of mfERG in the retina with macular degeneration showed abnormal response although other findings (e.g. Full-filed ERGs, FAG, Fundus ) were normal. CONCLUSIONS: The mfERG system is useful for electroretinographic field mapping and evaluating retinal function clinically.
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy ; Electroretinography* ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Humans ; Macular Degeneration ; Retina ; Retinal Detachment ; Retinal Diseases ; Retinal Vein ; Retinal Vein Occlusion ; Retinaldehyde ; Retinitis Pigmentosa ; Visual Fields