Knowing a pediatric patient's weight is crucial in resuscitation since the decision on the dose of resuscitation drug and the size of the instrument is made mostly based on a patient's weight. However, using a scale may not always be practical in resuscitation. Therefore, it is important to know the methods of weight estimation in resuscitation. The weight estimation can be performed based on various factors: visual assessment, age, height, and body habitus. One of the most common problems of these methods is that the weight tends to be underestimated as a patient's age increases. This is due to an inappropriate reflection of body habitus. Further research is needed to overcome this problem.
Body Weight ; Child ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Humans ; Infant ; Methods* ; Resuscitation*

PURPOSE: This study compared the effectiveness and ease of operation of two different training methods, response sequence based training (RBST) and chest compression first training (CCFT), for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). METHODS: Eighty-five railroad workers were divided into two groups: those who applied the usual CPR training method (response sequence based training, 44 people) and those who applied our CPR training method (chest compression first training, 41 people). The objective skill performances were evaluated by using a mannequin (JAMY-IV RECO, Kyotokagaku, Japan). RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in CPR performance and artificial ventilation success rate between the RSBT group and the CCFT group. However, the artificial compression success rate and compression depth of the CCFT group compared to the RSBT group was statistically higher (p=0.006, 0.001). In addition, the wrong-hand-position rate of the RSBT group compared to the CCFT group was statistically higher (p=0.000). Furthermore, instructor satisfaction with practical training operations in the CCFT group compared to the RSBT group was statistically higher (p=0.001) and instructors reported that students were focused and easily capable of performing the CCFT training method. CONCLUSION: The chest compression first training method is easy to perform and not too complex to operate, making it effective in student performance and instruction. More effective CPR training is expected based on this method.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation* ; Education ; Humans ; Manikins ; Methods* ; Railroads ; Teaching ; Thorax ; Ventilation

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training program that applied the 5-step method on the knowledge, attitudes, and performance ability of nursing students in terms of enhancement and sustainability. METHODS: Sixty-one nursing students (28 in the experimental group and 33 in the control group) from D city participated in this study. Data were collected from April 25 to December 15, 2016. The experimental group and control group received infant CPR education using the 5-step method and the traditional method, respectively. The outcome variables were measured 3 times (pretest and posttest at 1 week and 6 months after training). RESULTS: There were significant differences in attitude (t=2.68, p=.009) and performance ability (t=4.56, p < .001) between the groups at 1 week after training, as well as in sustained performance ability at 6 months after training (F=6.76, p=.012). CONCLUSION: The 5-step method of infant CPR training was effective for improving performance ability in a sustained manner and promoting a positive attitude. Therefore, it is recommended that nursing students, as infant CPR novices, receive training using this effective method.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation* ; Education ; Humans ; Infant* ; Methods* ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing

BACKGROUNDTherapeutic hypothermia has been recommended for the treatment of cardiac arrest patients who remain comatose after the return of spontaneous circulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of mild hypothermia on patients with cardiac arrest by conducting a meta-analysis.

METHODSThe relevant trials were searched in Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI and Wan Fang Data from the date of their establishment to October 2014. Thereafter, the studies retrieved were screened based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were extracted, and the quality of the included studies was evaluated. A meta-analysis was conducted using the Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager 5.2 software.

RESULTSSix randomized controlled trials involving 531 cases were included, among which 273 cases were assigned to the treatment group and the other 258 cases to the control group. The meta-analysis indicated that mild hypothermia therapy after cardiac arrest produced significant differences in survival rate (relative risk [RR] =1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.48, P = 0.03) and neurological function (RR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.08-1.65, P = 0.007) after 6 months compared with normothermia therapy. However, no significant differences were observed in the survival to the hospital discharge (RR = 1.35, 95% CI: 0.87-2.10, P = 0.18), favorable neurological outcome at hospital discharge (RR = 1.53, 95% CI: 0.95-2.45, P = 0.08) and adverse events.

CONCLUSIONSThe meta-analysis demonstrated that mild hypothermia can improve the survival rate and neurological function of patients with cardiac arrest after 6 months. On the other hand, regarding the survival to hospital discharge, favorable neurological outcome at hospital discharge, and adverse events, our meta-analysis produced nonsignificant results.

Asphyxia Neonatorum ; therapy ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Resuscitation ; methods

It is well known that shock is one of the main complications occurring during early stage of severe burn, and presently, ischemic/hypoxic damage of tissues and organs is still hard to be prevented by various fluid resuscitation regimens. Findings in recent years demonstrated that postburn cardiac damage occurs promptly and much earlier than any other organs. Application of measures to ameliorate cardiac damage may improve organ blood flow in liver, kidney, and intestines, and mitigate organ damage concomitant with fluid resuscitation according to Parkland formula. These facts suggest that cardiac damage occurring promptly at early stage of severe burn is one of the important factors leading to ischemia/hypoxia of tissues and organs, therefore,new resuscitation regimen including "volume replacement" plus "dynamic support" may conduct to more effective burn shock resuscitation, and reduce organ complications as a result of either insufficient or over fluid infusion.
Burns ; therapy ; Fluid Therapy ; Humans ; Resuscitation ; methods ; Shock, Traumatic ; therapy

Although the outcome of burn patients has been improved, many aspects of management of severe burn patients remain controversial. Here we focus on the management of hypermetabolism and the resuscitation of respiratory function. Currently, the fluid resuscitation method shifts from insufficient fluid regimen to excessive fluid loading. The benefit of colloid infusion and restrictive blood transfusion need to be authenticated by further clinical trial, and the best form of fluid resuscitation has yet to be identified. The respiratory management of burn patients had been improved. Early tracheostomy, ventilation with low tidal volume and bronchoalveolar toilet are recommended. Many potential beneficial treatment strategies have been identified by recent research in the metabolic response to burn injury. Although immunomodulation therapy is promising, most of them are not clinical viable,and further clinical research is warranted.
Burns ; therapy ; Fluid Therapy ; Humans ; Respiration ; Resuscitation ; methods

"Trauma activation" is a process adopted across all emergency departments of public healthcare institutions in Singapore, with the aim of rapidly mobilising personnel and resources to care for patients with major trauma. A subset of trauma patients with exsanguinating haemorrhage has a particularly high mortality rate, and they require an additional response beyond the usual trauma activation for definitive haemorrhage control. To address this need, Code Crimson has been developed at Auckland City Hospital in New Zealand and other jurisdictions as a step-up response. This is aimed at early activation of the massive transfusion protocol for haemostatic resuscitation, involvement of additional multidisciplinary teams for rapid decision-making, and expediting definitive haemorrhage control. At present, there is no protocol for activation of Code Crimson in Singapore. Code Crimson may be effective in Singapore, as it has been in other jurisdictions, to reduce morbidity and mortality in major trauma patients with severe haemorrhage.
Blood Transfusion/methods* ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Hemorrhage/therapy* ; Humans ; Resuscitation/methods* ; Singapore ; Wounds and Injuries/therapy*

Targeted temperature management (TTM) has been partially applied in patients with restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after cardiac arrest (CA). In the 2020 American Heart Association (AHA) cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) guidelines, TTM is used as advanced life support after ROSC for the treatment of patients with CPR. TTM has a protective effect on cardiac function after CA, but the specific mechanism of its protective effect on cardiac function remains unclear. In this paper, the basic experimental progress, clinical trial progress and development prospect of TTM on the protective mechanism of cardiac function after CA are reviewed.
United States ; Humans ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/methods* ; Temperature ; Heart Arrest/therapy* ; Hypothermia, Induced/methods* ; Body Temperature

Parkland formula is the most widely used resuscitation formula in burn care. However, a growing number of disputes have been raised along with the development of medical technology, among which its total volume and composition of the fluid are the two foci. Firstly, Parkland formula may lead to an untoward phenomenon nicknamed "fluid creep", which may lead to complications such as abdominal compartment syndrome. Secondly, along with the deeper understanding of how permeability of blood vessels changes after burn injury, colloid is recommended to be given after the third 8 h post-burn. Additionally, controversy exists in the choice of different colloid solutions. The safety of different colloid solutions remains to be further elucidated. This article will deal with all of the above-mentioned problems.
Burns ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Fluid Therapy ; methods ; Humans ; Isotonic Solutions ; therapeutic use ; Resuscitation ; methods ; Treatment Outcome