Older adults who fall recurrently have sub-optimal physical performance especially muscle strength, mobility and balance. Recurrent falls lead to a heightened fear of falls. However, there is limited information regarding other domains of physical performance, namely, flexibility and endurance. In addition there is still limited knowledge pertaining fear of falls and physical activity levels among Malaysian community-dwelling older adults who are recurrent fallers. The aim of our study was to compare fear of falls, physical performance and physical activity levels among older adults with falls and recurrent falls. This cross- sectional study was carried out in two Malaysian urban districts. Physical performance was examined using Functional Fitness MOT (FFMOT). Modified Baecke Questionnaire and Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC-6) Scale were administered to evaluate the level of daily physical activity and fear of falls respectively. A total 35 older adults participated in this study, 20 fallers (mean age :71.95±8.22) and 15 recurrent fallers (mean age: 76.73±8.82) respectively. Our study results showed that older adults with recurrent fallers had significantly reduced lower extremity strength, dynamic balance, endurance, balance confidence in ADL and physical activity levels compared to faller group (p<0.05). Although flexibility and upper limb strength were not significantly different among fallers and recurrent fallers, overall improvement in physical performance should be targetted in falls prevention and management. This is vital to prevent further deterioration in physical performance among older adults with recurrent falls.

n this review weaimed to determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI)and its association with declined cognitive and physical function among community dwelling older adults. Literature review was performed using multiple online databases includingMEDLINE, Science Direct andWiley Online Library from June 2000 to April 2017. Hand searching ofbibliographies of relevant studies was also carried out. The studies included ofthose conducted from within the last 17years; assessed and compared according to population characteristics, definition of urinary incontinence, prevalence and its association with cognitive and physical functionaldecline. Nine studies met the eligibility criteria of this review. Prevalence rates of UI among community dwelling older adults ranged from10% to 53% (median 32%).Physical functionaldecline in termsof mobility, locomotion and activities of daily living interruptions werefound to be correlated with UI. Although limited, the existing evidence also showed an association between declined cognitive function and UI.