Humans ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control* ; Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology* ; Personal Protective Equipment ; Disaster Planning ; Singapore

Child ; Humans ; Rural Population ; China/epidemiology* ; Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control*

China ; Cross Infection ; microbiology ; prevention & control ; Enterobacteriaceae Infections ; Escherichia coli Infections ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; microbiology ; Staphylococcal Infections ; Wound Infection ; microbiology

OBJECTIVETo observe the preventive and therapeutic effect of advanced airway management on pulmonary infection in patients with inhalation injury after tracheotomy.

METHODSfourteen burn patients with inhalation injury admitted to our hospital from January 2001 to December 2004 were enrolled as control (C) group, and they were treated with conventional systemic therapy and management of airway. Twenty-seven burn patients with inhalation injury admitted to our hospital from January 2005 to October 2009 were enrolled as advanced (A) group, and they were treated with conventional systemic therapy and advanced airway management, including bedside isolation of airway, fixation of both oxygen supply tube and humidifying tube, humidification in specific body position, thinning of sputum, lavement of airway and procedural sputum elimination, steam inhalation combined with medicine, and suction of sputum with interrupted negative pressure. Result of bacterial culture of sputum (the 7th day after tracheotomy) and chest X-ray (at admission and the 7th day after tracheotomy), pulmonary infection, change in blood gas analysis index and oxygen saturation (SO(2)), (within 7 days after tracheotomy), and the number of patients curd in 2 groups were observed and compared.

RESULTS(1) Positive result of bacterial culture of sputum was observed in 11 (78.6%) patients in C group and 12 (44.4%) patients in A group. The difference between them was statistically significant (chi(2) = 4.36, P < 0.05). The main bacterium detected was Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (2) Pneumonia was suspected in 7 patients (25.9%) in A group by chest X-ray, which was obviously fewer than that in C group (8 Cases, 57.1%, chi(2) = 3.87, P < 0.05). The result was in accordance with the diagnosis of pulmonary infection. (3) No CO(2) retention, SO(2) and PaCO(2) abnormality caused by asphyxia was observed in 2 groups, PaCO(2) value in A group was close to that in C group (t = 0.89, P > 0.05). (4) In C group, 9 (64.3%) patients were cured, 5 patients died of pneumonia, wound sepsis, and MODS. In A group, 25 (92.6%) patients were cured, 2 patients died of MODS. Number of cure was obviously larger in A group than in C group (chi(2)= 5.22, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe advanced airway management has better effects on isolation and humidification of airway, and thinning, drainage, and elimination of sputum. And it can decrease the probability of blind suction and injury to airway, and it prevents pulmonary infection following tracheotomy.

Adult ; Airway Management ; Burns, Inhalation ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Diseases ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Tracheotomy ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinical effect of mild warming moxibustion (MWM) on acupoints Shenque (RN8) and Guanyuan (RN4) for treatment of recurrent respiratory tract infection (RRTI) in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

METHODSSixty-four CP patients with RRTI were randomly and equally assigned to two groups, all received conventional rehabilitation treatment, but in acute infection stage, MWM was applied on the treated group, and intravenous dripping of immunoglobulin was given to the control group, all for 3 months. The frequency of RRTI attacking (Fre), the mean cough alleviating time (T-CA) and rale disappearing time (T-RA) during infection, as well as the serum levels of immune globulins during the post-treatment 1-year follow-up period were observed.

RESULTSThe effectiveness in the treated group was better than that in the control group, showing in aspects of Fre (2.38 +/- 0.64 times vs. 6.50 +/- 0.84 times), T-CA (3.92 +/- 1.32 days vs. 6.48 +/- 2.18 days) and T-RA (4.66 +/- 1.82 days vs. 7.64 +/- 1.44 days), significant difference was shown between groups (P < 0.01). The serum levels of IgG, IgM and IgA all raised in both two groups (P < 0.05), comparison of immunoglobulin levels between groups showed that they were lower immediately after treatment, but higher at the end of the 1-year follow-up in the treated group than those in the control group.

CONCLUSIONMWM on acupoints Shengue and Guanyuan has a better and long-term clinical effect for treatment of RRTI in children with CP.

Acupuncture Points ; Cerebral Palsy ; complications ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Moxibustion ; methods ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; complications ; drug therapy ; prevention & control ; Secondary Prevention

OBJECTIVETo determine if vitamin D intake is associated with acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in children.

METHODSThe vitamin D intakes of children younger than 5 years of age admitted to hospital with either bronchiolitis or pneumonia were compared to an unmatched control group of the same age without respiratory infection. Caregivers of 197 children completed a questionnaire collecting information on demographic variables, ALRI risk factors and diet. Associations of ALRI with vitamin D intake and other ALRI risk factors were determined.

RESULTSThe mean vitamin D intake of children with ALRI was 48 IU/kg/d compared to 60 IU/kg/d in the control group. When controlling for age, ethnicity, socio-economic status, northern residence, breastfeeding, immunizations and smoking contact, children with a vitamin D intake of less than 80 IU/kg/d were greater than 4 times more likely to have ALRI compared to children with a vitamin D intake exceeding 80 IU/kg/d (OR=4.9; 95%CI: 1.5-16.4).

CONCLUSIONSA higher vitamin D intake than currently recommended might be needed to offer protection against diseases such as ALRI. Increased vitamin D supplementation could have important public health consequences, as bronchiolitis and pneumonia are the most common reasons for hospitalization in young children. (Full English version will be available online at www.amepc.org/tp.).

Acute Disease ; Bronchiolitis ; etiology ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Pneumonia ; etiology ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Vitamin D ; administration & dosage

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of Jiawei Yupingfeng Mixture (YPF) on repeated respiratory tract infection (RRTI) and its impacts on T-cell subsets, immunoglobulin and erythrocyte immune.

METHODSTwo hundred children with RRTI were assigned equally to two groups, the test group treated with YPF and the control group treated by transfer factor. The clinical efficacy, and the changes of T-cell subsets, immunoglobulin and erythrocyte immune before and after treatment were observed in 31 patients randomly selected from each group.

RESULTSAfter treatment, the frequency of attacking was reduced and the course of attacking was shortened significantly in the test group as compared with before treatment and also with the control group (P < 0.01); IgG and IgA levels were improved in both groups, but the improvement was more significant in the test group (P<0.01, P<0.05); T-cell subsets indices, including CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio, all improved in the test group significantly (P <0.01), while in the control group, significant improvement only showed in rising of CD3(+) and CD4(+) (P <0.05, P <0.01), comparison between groups showed significant difference in terms of CD3(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+); in the control group, levels of C3b, RFER and RFIR were changed significantly (P<0.05, P<0.01), but the improvement of ICR was insignificant, while in the test group, the above indices were significant improved as compared with after treatment of the control group (P <0.01).

CONCLUSIONYPF plays a preventive and therapeutic role in children with RRTI by way of regulating the cellular and humoral immune.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; Infant ; Male ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; immunology ; prevention & control ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets ; Treatment Outcome

beta-defensins possess a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. In this study its in vivo antibacterial effect was evaluated by using gene transfer. Rat beta-defensin-2 (rBD2) recombinant pBK-CMV-rBD2 and pCD-NA-3, 1-Myc-His(+)-rBD2 were constructed. Then, by use of liposome agent, the recombinants were delivered into rat airway via tracheal injection. The rBD-2 mRNA expression was detected in the trachea by RT-PCR and its protein expression was determined in the lungs by the tag His immunostaining, 24 hours after inoculation via trachea, the count of P. areuginosa in the lung of rat transfected with pBK-CMV-rBD2 markedly decreased, compared with the control (n = 8, P = 0.003). The data presented in this study provide evidence that airway beta-defensin-2-gene transfer can protect the rat against bacterial infection in vivo, suggesting the beta-defensins as part of the innate host defense system can be of potential applicability.
Animals ; Bacteria ; drug effects ; Lung ; microbiology ; physiology ; Plasmids ; genetics ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; prevention & control ; Transfection ; beta-Defensins ; genetics ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use

OBJECTIVEThis study aims to survey respiratory infectious disease related health literacy (RIDHL) and health behavior (RIDHB) among residents in Fengtai district, Beijing, analyze impact factors of RIDHL , explore the association between RIDHL and RIDHB.

METHODSMultistage sampling was employed and 1100 respondents were surveyed by self-designed questionnaires, which including social-demographic characteristics and evaluation of RIDHL and RIDHB. The survey results were described, the impact factors of RIDHL and the association between RIDHL and RIDHB were analyzed by analysis of variance or covariance.

RESULTSA total of 998 qualified questionnaires were recollected with the effective rate of 90.7%. The respondents aged from 15 to 65, scored (71.3 +/- 19.0) points in RIDHL test. Of those respondents, 25.7% (256/998), 43.2% (432/998) and 31.1% (310/998) were evaluated as low( <60 points), medium (60 - 85 points), and high level ( > 85 points) of RIDHL, respectively. There were significant difference in RIDHL scores between registered and non-registered residents, who scored (74.1 +/- 18.9) and (68.4 +/- 18.8) points, respectively (P < 0.01). RIDHL sections were ranked as audiovisual (77.6%, 4647/5988), internet using (75.2%, 2251/2994), reading (74.6%, 3724/4990), map using (68.3%, 4090/5988) and quantitative (65.5%, 5230/7984) according to the accurate rates from high to low. Analysis of variance or covariance showed that RIDHL scores were significantly different among respondents with different ages, nationalities, educational levels, occupations, and incomes (P < 0.01), yet no significant differences among those with different genders and marital status (P > 0.05). Respondents scored (69.7 +/- 15.5) points in RIDHB test. The RIDHB scores ((64.5 +/- 15.0), (70.4 +/- 15.6), (72.5 +/- 14.9) points, respectively) increased among residents with low, medium and high level of RIDHL (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONResidents in Fengtai district, Beijing possessed medium level of RIDHL. The non-registered residents showed lower RIDHL than registered residents. Ages, nationalities, educational levels, occupations, and incomes were impact factors of RIDHL. People with higher level of RIDHL also showed a higher level of RIDHB.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases ; epidemiology ; Female ; Health Behavior ; Health Literacy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult

These guidelines were developed as part of the 2016 Policy Research Servicing Project by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A multidisciplinary approach was taken to formulate this guideline to provide practical information about the diagnosis and treatment of adults with acute upper respiratory tract infection, with the ultimate aim to promote the appropriate use of antibiotics. The formulation of this guideline was based on a systematic literature review and analysis of the latest research findings to facilitate evidence-based practice, and focused on key questions to help clinicians obtain solutions to clinical questions that may arise during the care of a patient. These guidelines mainly cover the subjects on the assessment of antibiotic indications and appropriate selection of antibiotics for adult patients with acute pharyngotonsillitis or acute sinusitis.
Adult* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Diagnosis ; Evidence-Based Practice ; Humans ; Korea ; Pharyngitis ; Respiratory Tract Infections* ; Sinusitis ; Tonsillitis