We examined the attributed fractions of all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality that were attributed to extreme and moderate cold and heat during 2010-2016 in Nanjing. Our results showed that 12.81%, 19.78%, and 25.33% of all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortalities, respectively, were attributed to temperature. The highest attributed fractions for three types of mortality were at 4 ℃ and the attributed fractions were high around 4 ℃, which falls within the moderate cold temperatures. Although moderate cold has lower RR than extreme cold, it occurred on more days than did extreme cold. Therefore, health burden caused by moderate cold requires further attention in the future.
Cardiovascular Diseases ; mortality ; China ; epidemiology ; Cities ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Mortality ; Respiratory Tract Diseases ; mortality ; Risk Factors ; Temperature

China ; Communicable Diseases ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Population Surveillance ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; epidemiology

China ; epidemiology ; Chronic Disease ; Humans ; Respiratory Tract Diseases ; epidemiology ; Rural Population ; Urban Population

OBJECTIVETo analyze the relationship between occupational stress and diseases in secondary school teachers in a city of Sichuan Province, and to provide a basis for the evaluation of the long-term effects of occupational stress in teachers.

METHODSWith secondary school teachers as the target population, the stratified cluster sampling was adopted to conduct three studies among 780, 119, and 689 secondary school teachers in a city of Sichuan Province in 1999, 2005, and 2009, respectively. The Occupational Stress Inventory-Revised Edition (OSI-R) and working ability index (WAI) were used to investigate occupational stress and diseases in secondary school teachers. The variation of occupational stress in secondary school teachers was compared between different periods and the relationship between the intensity of stress and diseases was evaluated, on the basis of which the variation of the relationship over time was analyzed.

RESULTSThere were significant differences in occupational stress in secondary school teachers between different periods (P<0.05). The incidence rates of medium and high physiological stress and psychological stress were significantly higher in 2009 than in 1999 (P<0.05). Compared with the year of 1999, the intensity of occupational stress in 2009 changed with cardiovascular, respiratory, and mental diseases. The incidence of abnormal psychological stress was a risk factor for all chronic, respiratory, and mental diseases (OR: 1.88, 2.25, and 5.91). The time dependence of odds ratio was only found in the risk of respiratory diseases: occupational stress resulted in a significant increase in the risk of respiratory diseases over time (P<0.05). Physiological stress was a risk factor for mental diseases (OR=2.31).

CONCLUSIONThe intensity of occupational stress in secondary school teachers changes over time. Occupational stress elevates the risks of certain diseases and has a time-dependent effect on the risk of respiratory diseases. Occupational stress in secondary school teachers needs more attention and effective prevention.

Cardiovascular Diseases ; epidemiology ; Faculty ; Humans ; Mental Disorders ; epidemiology ; Respiratory Tract Diseases ; epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Stress, Physiological ; Stress, Psychological ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Respiratory Tract Diseases ; epidemiology ; virology ; Virus Diseases ; epidemiology

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Male ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; epidemiology ; virology ; Virus Diseases ; epidemiology

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the clinical features of respiratory diseases of late preterm neonates.

METHODSSix hundred and thirty late preterm infant(gestational age: 34~36+6weeks),4401 cases of term infants and 328 early preterm infants who were born at the obstetrical department of Peking University 3rd Hospital from January 2009 to December 2010 were enrolled. Among them 84 late preterm infants, 135 term infants and 182 early preterm infants developed respiratory diseases. The incidence of respiratory diseases,clinical features and the severity of the diseases were compared among the three groups.

RESULTSThe incidence and mortality rates of respiratory diseases and the percentage of severe cases were significantly higher in the late preterm group than in the term group, but lower than in the early preterm group (P<0.01). The symptoms of respiratory disease occurred earlier in the late preterm group than in the term group, but later than in the early preterm group (P<0.01). The late preterm group had a significantly higher incidence of tachypnea and lower incidence of retraction sign when compared with the term and early preterm groups (P<0.05). The percentages requiring oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation in the late preterm group were both significantly higher than in the term group, but lower than in the early preterm group (P<0.05). The multiple linear regression analysis showed 11 factors associated with the severity of respiratory diseases: decreased arterial partial pressure of oxygen, hematokrit, pH value and respiratory rate, arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation, systolic arterial pressure, 5 minute Apgar score and gestational age, and increased blood urea nitrogen, heart rate and respiratory rate.

CONCLUSIONSLate preterm infants are more likely to develop respiratory diseases than term infants, and to develop a more severe condition and need a more intensive respiratory support treatment. Tachypnea is a common presentation of dyspnea in late preterm infants and occurs earlier than in term infants but later than in early preterm infants. It may usually indicate a serious condition when dyspnea, abnormal heart rate and blood pressure, and multisystem damages occur in late preterm infants.

Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature, Diseases ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Prognosis ; Respiratory Tract Diseases ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Retrospective Studies

Aluminum ; toxicity ; Humans ; Nervous System Diseases ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Occupational Exposure ; Occupational Health ; Respiratory Tract Diseases ; epidemiology ; etiology

Objective: Data from the surveillance program was collected, to analyze the situation of hospitalization and cases of death with recorded causes, in Shenzhen, from 1995 to 2014. Situation of hospitalization and causes of deaths were studied in Shenzhen which had been a fast-developing city with growing number of immigrants so as to provide reference for decision-making on related prevention and control strategies. Methods: Data on hospitalizations and deaths collected from the surveillance program, were classified by both International Classification of Diseases (ICD)- 9 and ICD-10. A database was constructed with methods on related descriptive and trend analysis. Results: Around 6.3 million inpatients were seen in the past two decades in Shenzhen. The top five diseases for hospitalization were pregnancy childbirth and puerperium complications, respiratory diseases, injury and poisoning, digestive system diseases and circulatory system diseases, that accounting for 68.4% of all the hospitalization burden. The number of inpatients increased annually, with an 11 times increase during the past two decades. Proportions for pregnancy childbirth and puerperium complications, circulatory system diseases and urinary system diseases all showed increasing (χ(2)=53 806.94, 6 893.95 and 15 383.14, P<0.01), while proportions for injuries and poisoning, respiratory diseases, digestive system diseases showed a declining trend (χ(2)=131 480.09,1 711.84 and 11 367.66, P<0.01). Number of cumulative inpatient deaths exceeded 60 000, with the top five causes as malignant tumor, circulatory system diseases, injury and poisoning, respiratory system diseases and digestive system diseases, that accounting for 82.28% of all the inpatient deaths. Deaths due to circulatory system diseases, injury and poisoning increased and then decreased. Malignant tumor and respiratory diseases-induced deaths showed an increasing trend (χ(2)=1 546.48, 309.55, P<0.01), while induced deaths from disease of the other systems showed slight changes. The overall case fatality rate showed an annual decline (χ(2)=4 378.63, P<0.01), from 2.23% in 1995 to 0.74% in 2014, with mortality attribute to tumor, circulatory system disease decreased significantly. Conclusions: Shenzhen had been under an ageing transition, with relatively young population living in the city. Chronic diseases such as tumor gradually had become the major causes for heavy hospitalization burden on the population of Shenzhen.
Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology* ; Cause of Death ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Global Burden of Disease ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data* ; Humans ; Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology* ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology*

BACKGROUND: Studies on the incidence and seasonality of respiratory viruses that are the main cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children are insufficient in Korea. In the present study, the epidemiology of respiratory viruses in children was studied during the last 2 years and, the indirect immunofluorescent (IF) method was compared with the direct IF method. METHODS: A total of 814 pediatric inpatients hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection at Hanyang University Hospital were studied from April, 1996 to July, 1998. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained from these patients and indirect IF (Respiratory Panel I Viral Screening & Identification Kit, Light Diagnostics, Chemicon, Temecula, CA, USA) was performed for the following viruses : respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus type I, II and III, influenza virus A, B, and adenovirus. Sixty-nine of these samples were tested by direct IF (IMAGENTM, DAKO, UK) and indirect IF, simultaneously. RESULTS: 1) Viral pathogens were detected in 30.5% of nasopharyngeal aspirates. Among the positive cases, RSV was 60.6%, influenza A 35.3%, adenovirus 5.2%, influenza B 4.0%, and parainfluenza II 0.8%. 2) The occurrence rate of RSV in spring, summer, fall and winter was 7.3%, 13.6%, 31.45%, 33.45%, respectively, and showed a unique pattern in that the incidence rate in the summer of 1997 was 22.2%. A unique pattern was also observed for influenza A, which was continuously detected from December 1997 to July 1998. 3) The positive rate of indirect IF was statistically higher than that of direct IF. Excluding the results of the influenza A, there was no statistically significant difference between the two methods. CONCLUSION: RSV was the most frequently detected virus in viral respiratory infections in children. Infection usually began in the fall and most frequently detected in the winter and lasted until spring. High incidence of RSV in summer 1997 and continuous detection of influenza A till summer 1997 suggest some change of epidemic pattern. The discordance between direct and indirect IF was probably due to the difference in quality of the anti-influenza A reagent rather than a real difference in the two methods.
Adenoviridae ; Child* ; Epidemiologic Studies* ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Influenza, Human ; Inpatients ; Korea ; Mass Screening ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Paramyxoviridae Infections ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses ; Respiratory Tract Diseases ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Seasons