BACKGROUND: To provide some fundamental physiological basis for the physical training of pilots to improve orthostatic intolerance, cardiorespiratory responses to the symptom-limited maximal exercise loading were studied in pilots and non-pilots, and the results were compared. METHOD: Cardiorespiratory reponses to the symptom-limited maximal exercise loading by Bruce protocol was studied in 11 pilots and 11 matched controls (non-pilots). RESULTS: Comparisons of various data at maximal exercise in the pilots with those in the controls revealed that RR, VE/M2, VE/VO2, VE/VCO2, VT/VC and VE/MVV as well as HR, VO2, O2 pulse and AT showed no significant difference. CONCLUSION: The fact that the aerobic power in the pilots is not superior to that in the controls seems to emphasisze the necessity of aerobic endurance training along with muscular strength training to improve orthostatic tolerance of pilots flying modern high-performance aircrafts.
Aircraft ; Diptera ; Orthostatic Intolerance ; Resistance Training

No abstract available.
Aged* ; Bone Density* ; Female ; Femur* ; Humans ; Resistance Training* ; Thigh*

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of an exercise program using isometric and isotonic thera band exercises. METHODS: Data were collected from 30 total knee replacement patients hospitalized in the orthopedics department at 'B' hospital (control=15, experimental=15). The control group performed isometric exercises for one week while the experimental group performed three or more rounds of both isometric and isotonic exercises, including Thera-Band(R) exercises, everyday for four weeks. RESULTS: The experimental group improved significantly in muscular strength (Z=-1.99, P=0.047) and self-efficacy (Z=19.48, P=0.000), and showed lower levels of depression than the control group (Z=8.60, P=0.003). However, no difference was found in pain experience between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise programs using the isometric and Thera-Band(R) resistance training improve muscular strength and self-efficacy and relieve depression in total knee replacement patients.
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee ; Depression ; Exercise ; Humans ; Orthopedics ; Resistance Training

In Kampo medicine, sickness is regarded as affecting the whole body even though the symptoms may appear obvious only in the abdomen. This makes abdominal palpation an important means of physical examination, and diagnosis. Because learning abdominal palpation in the Kampo style is very difficult, we attempted to simplify learning by building typical anatomical abdomen models for training. To create six abdominal models : Shinka-hiko, Kyokyo-kuman, Fukuchokukin-renkyu, Shofuku-fujin, Shofuku-koman, and Shinkabu-sinsuion, we employed several materials, including artificial leather for epidermal tissue, pile fabric for subcutaneous tissue, cotton cloth or jersey cloth for membrane tissue, polyurethane or natural rubber for muscle tissue, specialized polyester resin for costae, and cotton for internal organs. We employed a harder polyurethane, for example, in Shinka-hiko to simulate resistance in the region beneath the heart, in Kyokyo-kuman to simulate resistance in the subcostal region, and in Shofuku-koman to simulate horseshoe-shaped resistance in the lower abdominal region. Otherwise, in Shofuku-fujin, a lack of resistance was simulated by a defect in the polyurethane at the center of the lower abdominal region. Shinkabu-sinsuion was modeled using a water dabbling sound via a water-filled balloon that could be gently shaken with the fist in the region above the navel. Fukuchokukin-renkyu was modeled as excessive strain of the rectus abdominis muscles via the use of natural rubber. We tried to represent the tenderness on pressure at the para-umbilical region, cecal region, and sigmoid region in the Shofuku-koman model by making a specialized switch with conducting rubber, and using electric device and battery. We believe these models are useful teaching devices, in that they simplify Kampo abdominal palpitation training.
Medicine, Kampo ; Cancer resistance to treatment ; Training ; Tissues ; Palpation

Attenuated functional exercise capacity in elderly and diseased populations is a common problem, and stems primarily from physical inactivity. Decreased function and exercise capacity can be restored by maintaining muscular strength and mass, which are key factors in an independent and healthy life. Resistance exercise has been used to prevent muscle loss and improve muscular strength and mass. However, the intensities necessary for traditional resistance training to increase muscular strength and mass may be contraindicated for some at risk populations, such as diseased populations and the elderly. Therefore, an alternative exercise modality is required. Recently, blood flow restriction (BFR) with low intensity resistance exercise (LIRE) has been used for such special populations to improve their function and exercise capacity. Although BFR+LIRE has been intensively studied for a decade, a comprehensive review detailing the effects of BFR+LIRE on both skeletal muscle and vascular function is not available. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss previous studies documenting the effects of BFR+LIRE on hormonal and transcriptional factors in muscle hypertrophy and vascular function, including changes in hemodynamics, and endothelial function.
Aged ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Hypertrophy* ; Muscle, Skeletal* ; Resistance Training

Neurocognitive impairment is a group of clinical syndromes characterized by impaired cognitive function and decreased motor ability. Non-pharmacological interventions such as physical exercise have advantages in the treatment of patients with neurocognitive impairment. Multicomponent exercise is a combination of various physical exercises, including strength training, endurance training, balance training and flexibility training, that can improve gait, balance and cardiopulmonary function by increasing muscle mass, strength and endurance in people with neurocognitive impairment, while also reducing the risk of falls in elders. This article reviews the benefits of multicomponent exercise for patients with neurocognitive impairment and its evaluation methods; also describes 4 intervention programs and their clinical application, to provide evidence for clinical practice and promote the application of multicomponent exercise in patients with neurocognitive impairment.
Accidental Falls ; Aged ; Cognition ; Exercise/physiology* ; Gait ; Humans ; Resistance Training

Aviation ; Humans ; Physical Fitness ; Resistance Training ; Schools ; Students

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of regular exercise training on insulin sensitivity in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using the pooled data available from randomised controlled trials. In addition, we sought to determine whether short-term periods of physical inactivity diminish the exercise-induced improvement in insulin sensitivity. Eligible trials included exercise interventions that involved ≥3 exercise sessions, and reported a dynamic measurement of insulin sensitivity. There was a significant pooled effect size (ES) for the effect of exercise on insulin sensitivity (ES, –0.588; 95% confidence interval [CI], –0.816 to –0.359; P<0.001). Of the 14 studies included for meta-analyses, nine studies reported the time of data collection from the last exercise bout. There was a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity in favour of exercise versus control between 48 and 72 hours after exercise (ES, –0.702; 95% CI, –1.392 to –0.012; P=0.046); and this persisted when insulin sensitivity was measured more than 72 hours after the last exercise session (ES, –0.890; 95% CI, –1.675 to –0.105; P=0.026). Regular exercise has a significant benefit on insulin sensitivity in adults with T2DM and this may persist beyond 72 hours after the last exercise session.
Adult ; Data Collection ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance* ; Insulin* ; Resistance Training

The prevalences of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance increase with age. Older diabetic patients show reduced physical function compared with that of non-diabetics of the same age as a result of multifactorial impairment that includes visual deterioration, peripheral neuropathy and balance problems. Even though limited data are available on the role of exercise in the treatment of type 2 diabetes in the elderly, there are many studies about the beneficial effects of exercise on glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and lipid panel. Therefore exercise is generally recommended for the management of diabetic patients. The ADA recommends at least 150 min/week of moderate aerobic exercise spread out over at least three days, with no more than two consecutive days between bouts of aerobic activity. In addition to aerobic training, persons with type 2 diabetes should undertake moderate resistance training at least 2-3 days/week. Exercise in older diabetic patients should be undertaken in moderation and increased gradually over time.
Aged ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Exercise ; Glucose ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ; Prevalence ; Resistance Training

Exercise is one of the cornerstones of diabetes management along with diet and medication. Exercise can acutely improve insulin sensitivity for between 2 and 72 hours. Moderate aerobic exercise acutely improves insulin sensitivity and lowers blood glucose while a single bout of intense exercise can transiently increase blood glucose. Combined aerobic and resistance exercise may have more benefits than each exercise alone, although this needs to be confirmed in future studies. Aerobic and resistance training can both improve insulin sensitivity and blood glucose, while, resistance exercise increases muscle mass and may be particularly beneficial in the elderly.
Aged ; Blood Glucose ; Diet ; Exercise ; Glucose ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Muscles ; Resistance Training