PURPOSE: To evaluate the change of residual volume of eye drop after instillation in patients with 23-gauge microincision vitrectomy surgery (MIVS). METHODS: Patient who were treated 23-gauge MIVS from November 2014 to July 2015 were included. The residual volume was defined as the amount of remnant eye drop in patient's eyes after instillation, calculated as the difference between instillation volume and spilled volume of eye drop. Calculation of residual volume of eye drop was performed one day before surgery, and daily from postoperative day 1 to day 5. RESULTS: Forty consecutive patients were included. The residual volume of eye drop decreased from 30.3 ± 1.4 µL at baseline to 13.0 ± 1.5 µL at day 1, 18.3 ± 1.6 µL at day 2, 24.7 ± 1.5 µL at day 3, and 27.9 ± 1.4 µL in day 4, postoperatively (p < 0.001, respectively). The volume at postoperative day 5 was 29.4 ± 1.3 µL, but it was not different from the volume at baseline (p = 0.105). The change of residual volume was significantly correlated with postoperative chemosis (r = 0.672, p < 0.001) and effected by the number of quadrant with postoperative chemosis (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that postoperative residual volume of eye drop after instillation decreased until postoperative day 4, and postoperative chemosis affects the change of residual volume. Thus, checking proper use of eye drops and teaching about instillation technique by physician is necessary for patients with 23-gauge MIVS.
Humans ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Residual Volume* ; Vitrectomy*

To determine the clinical target volumes considering vascularity and cellularity of tumors, the software was developed for mapping of the analyzed biological clinical target volumes on anatomical images using regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) maps and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps. The program provides the functions for integrated registrations using mutual information, affine transform and non-rigid registration. The registration accuracy is evaluated by the calculation of the overlapped ratio of segmented bone regions and average distance difference of contours between reference and registered images. The performance of the developed software was tested using multimodal images of a patient who has the residual tumor of high grade gliomas. Registration accuracy of about 74% and average 2.3 mm distance difference were calculated by the evaluation method of bone segmentation and contour extraction. The registration accuracy can be improved as higher as 4% by the manual adjustment functions. Advanced MR images are analyzed using color maps for rCBV maps and quantitative calculation based on region of interest (ROI) for ADC maps. Then, multi-parameters on the same voxels are plotted on plane and constitute the multi-functional parametric maps of which x and y axis representing rCBV and ADC values. According to the distributions of functional parameters, tumor regions showing the higher vascularity and cellularity are categorized according to the criteria corresponding malignant gliomas. Determined volumes reflecting pathological and physiological characteristics of tumors are marked on anatomical images. By applying the multi-functional images, errors arising from using one type of image would be reduced and local regions representing higher probability as tumor cells would be determined for radiation treatment plan. Biological tumor characteristics can be expressed using image registration and multi-functional parametric maps in the developed software. The software can be considered to delineate clinical target volumes using advanced MR images with anatomical images.
Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Blood Volume ; Diffusion ; Glioma ; Humans ; Neoplasm, Residual

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the annual changes in prostate variables and style of surgical treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) over the past 12 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects were 918 patients (January 1999-November 2010) who were treated by either open prostatectomy or transurethral resection of prostate (TURP). Every year, the performance ratio between open prostatectomy and TURP was evaluated. Before surgery, total and transitional zone volumes of the prostate were measured by transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS). After surgery, resection weight and residual volume of the prostate were measured by TRUS. RESULTS: From 2001 through 2010, the performance ratio of TURP increased greatly from 89% to 97%. During 1999 to 2010, the total volume of the prostate increased from 40.0 cc to 55.0 cc in the TURP group and from 74.1 cc to 116.7 cc in the open prostatectomy group. During 1999 to 2010, the mean resection volume of the TURP group increased from 2.3 cc to 20.1 cc. Also, the mean resection volume of the open prostatectomy group increased from 59.3 cc to 114.3 cc. During 1999 to 2003, the resection time of the TURP group decreased from 72.9 minutes to 43.2 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: During 1999 through 2010, the performance ratio between open prostatectomy vs TURP was high for TURP. The total volume and resection volume of the prostate increased annually, and the resection time decreased annually.
Humans ; Prostate ; Prostatectomy ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; Residual Volume ; Transurethral Resection of Prostate

BACKGROUND: The patient with bronchiectasis may have obstructive ventilatory impairment combined with mild restrictive ventilatory impairment due to fibrosis of surrounding lung parenchyme and pleural adhesions caused by chronic recurrent pulmonary infections. Since hyperinflation or emphysematous change can be occured in bronchiectasis, pulmonary functions such as lung volumes and diffusing capacity may also vary with associated emphysema. METHODS: For the evaluation of lung volumes and diffusing capacity in bronchiectasis with respect to the anatomic types and severity of bronchiectasis, a total of 40 cases comprising 24 cases of tubular, and 16 cystic type of bronchiectasis were analyzed retrospectively. Correlation between lung functions and extent of bronchiectasis or associated emphysema detected in HRCT were also evaluated. RESULTS: Vital capacity(VC) tended to decrease in cystic type than in tubular type. As the severity of bronchiectasis became serious, the VC were significantly reduced, whereas the total lung capacity(TLC), residual volume(RV) and its ratio to the total lung capacity(RV/TLC) had no significant difference. Lung clearance index(LCI) was significantly increased in cystic type than in tubular type, whereas the slope of phase III in single breath nitrogen curve(deltaN2/L) was not significantly changed regard to the type and severity of bronchiectasis. DLCO and DLCO/VA reflecting diffusing capacity were significantly decreased in cystic type and also as the severity of bronchiectasis became serious. The correlation coefficient of VC, DLCO and LCI with the extent of bronchiectasis were -0.322, -0.339 and 0.487, respectively, whereas other parameters were not significantly correlated with the extent of bronchiectasis. VC and DLCO correlated negatively with the extent of emphysema while RV, RV/TLC, LCI and deltaN2/L correlated positively. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the reduction of VC and diffusing capacity or uneven distribution of inspired gas in bronchiectasis are related to both the extent of bronchiectasis and associated emphysema while increased residual volume be related to the extent of associated emphysema alone.
Bronchiectasis* ; Emphysema ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Lung* ; Nitrogen ; Residual Volume ; Retrospective Studies

BACKGROUND: The patient with bronchiectasis may have obstructive ventilatory impairment combined with mild restrictive ventilatory impairment due to fibrosis of surrounding lung parenchyme and pleural adhesions caused by chronic recurrent pulmonary infections. Since hyperinflation or emphysematous change can be occured in bronchiectasis, pulmonary functions such as lung volumes and diffusing capacity may also vary with associated emphysema. METHODS: For the evaluation of lung volumes and diffusing capacity in bronchiectasis with respect to the anatomic types and severity of bronchiectasis, a total of 40 cases comprising 24 cases of tubular, and 16 cystic type of bronchiectasis were analyzed retrospectively. Correlation between lung functions and extent of bronchiectasis or associated emphysema detected in HRCT were also evaluated. RESULTS: Vital capacity(VC) tended to decrease in cystic type than in tubular type. As the severity of bronchiectasis became serious, the VC were significantly reduced, whereas the total lung capacity(TLC), residual volume(RV) and its ratio to the total lung capacity(RV/TLC) had no significant difference. Lung clearance index(LCI) was significantly increased in cystic type than in tubular type, whereas the slope of phase III in single breath nitrogen curve(deltaN2/L) was not significantly changed regard to the type and severity of bronchiectasis. DLCO and DLCO/VA reflecting diffusing capacity were significantly decreased in cystic type and also as the severity of bronchiectasis became serious. The correlation coefficient of VC, DLCO and LCI with the extent of bronchiectasis were -0.322, -0.339 and 0.487, respectively, whereas other parameters were not significantly correlated with the extent of bronchiectasis. VC and DLCO correlated negatively with the extent of emphysema while RV, RV/TLC, LCI and deltaN2/L correlated positively. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the reduction of VC and diffusing capacity or uneven distribution of inspired gas in bronchiectasis are related to both the extent of bronchiectasis and associated emphysema while increased residual volume be related to the extent of associated emphysema alone.
Bronchiectasis* ; Emphysema ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Lung* ; Nitrogen ; Residual Volume ; Retrospective Studies

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although polyethethylene glycol (PEG) solution is widely used for bowel preparation, it is difficult to drink a large amount of fluid in a short period of time. We compared the quality of bowel preparation and compliance between the single-dose group and split-dose group. METHODS: Two hundred seventeen patients undergoing outpatient colonoscopy were randomly assigned to receive either 4 litre (L) of PEG solution (n=104, single-dose group) on the day of colonoscopy or 2 L of PEG solution on the day before colonoscopy and then 2 L of same solution on the day of colonoscopy (n=113, split-dose group). The quality of bowel preparation was assessed using Ottawa scale. Cecal intubation time, compliance and side effects were assessed. RESULTS: Split-dose group showed the better quality of bowel preparation than single-dose group (4.75+/-2.45 vs 5.52+/-2.24, p <0.05) because of lower residual volume scale. Patients who experienced very difficulty during ingestion (0.95% vs 5.8%) and left out more than 25% of PEG solution (3.5% vs 8.7%) were greater in single-dose group. There was no difference of side effects between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Split-dose PEG preparation could be the useful method in than single-dose in colonoscopy preparation.
Colonoscopy* ; Compliance ; Eating ; Humans ; Intubation ; Outpatients ; Polyethylene* ; Residual Volume

PURPOSE: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vigorous saline injection for viscous cystic thyroid nodules. METHODS: Eighteen patients who underwent ultrasound-guided aspiration for viscous cystic thyroid nodules using a saline injection were included in our study. After failing to aspirate the cyst by the usual method, we vigorously injected saline into the cyst in multiple directions to break up and liquefy the viscous cystic contents to enable aspiration. The initial and the residual volume of the nodule were calculated, and the volume reduction rate and the time taken to perform the aspiration were recorded. RESULTS: The mean volume of the cystic nodules before aspiration was 11.0 mL (range, 1.2 to 26.0 mL), while the postaspiration volume was 4.2 mL (range, 0.2 to 14.5 mL). The mean aspirated volume was 63.7% of the initial volume. The mean procedure time was 12.4 minutes (range, 5 to 26 minutes). There were no significant complications related to the procedure. CONCLUSION: A vigorous saline injection followed by aspiration can be a useful method to aspirate viscous cystic thyroid nodules as a prestep for further intervention or simple management.
Biopsy, Fine-Needle ; Humans ; Residual Volume ; Thyroid Nodule* ; Ultrasonography, Interventional

OBJECTIVE: In this retrospective study, we analyzed the clinicopathologic characteristics of epithelial ovarian cancer and evluated the prognostic factors which has an impact on survival of the patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Patients and METHODS: Total 147 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer who were treated at Samsung Medical Center between 1995 and 2000 were included. Medical records including pathologic reports were reviewed to identify clinicopathologic characteristics. Survival was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test was used for curve comparison. Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The histopathologic distribution of all the patients was as follows: serous type (57.1%), mucinous type (15.0%), endometrioid type (15.0%), clear cell type (9.5%). mixed type (3.4%). The FIGO stage distribution for invasive epithelial ovarian cancer was stage I (29.3%), stage II (4.1%), stage III (54.4%), and stage IV (12.2%). The mean value of pre-operative CA-125 according to histologic type was 2715 IU/ml (S.E. 637) for serous type, 2002 IU/ml (S.E. 687) for endometrioid type, 896 IU/ml (S.E. 290) for mixed type, 421 IU/ml (S.E. 145) for mucinous type, and 236 IU/ml (S.E. 140) for clear cell ovarian cancer. No residual tumor was identified in 67 patients (48.9%) after primary cytoreductive surgery. Sixteen patients (11.7%) exhibited less than 2 cm tumor and 54 patients (39.4%) 2 cm or more macroscopic residual tumor. Second-look laparotomy was undertaken and pathologic residual disease was observed in 12 cases out of 39 (30.7%) patients. The overall 5-year survival rate of all the patients was 46.7%. In univariate analysis, FIGO stage (p=0.0091), grade (p=0.0081), residual volume (p=0.0038) and histologic type (p=0.0313) were significant prognostic factors affecting survival. However, multivariate analysis demonstrated that only FIGO stage (p=0.0048) was identified as a significant independent prognostic factor in this study. CONCLUSION: This study showed that FIGO stage was identified as a significant independent prognostic factor in the patients with epithelial ovarian cancer of all stages.
Humans ; Laparotomy ; Medical Records ; Mucins ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm, Residual ; Ovarian Neoplasms* ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Residual Volume ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate

BACKGROUND: Patients with COPD generally complain of very different degrees of dyspnea regardless of their pulmonary function. The study, we assessed the right ventricular ejection fraction in relation to dyspnea in COPD patient. METHODS: The pulmonary function including the diffusion capacity was measured. The right ventricle ejection fraction (RVEF) was measured using a first-pass radionuclide scan by multigated acquisition (MUGA). Forty patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were stratified for dyspnea according to the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale. Moderate dyspnea and severe dyspnea is defined as MRC 2/3 (n = 16) and MRC 4/5 (n = 24) respectively. RESULTS: The baseline pulmonary function tests including DLCO and the resting arterial blood gas were similar in the moderate and severe dyspnea group, with the exception of the residual volume (% predicted) (moderate 160 +/- 27, severe 210 +/- 87, p < 0.03). The right ventricle ejection fraction was significantly (p < 0.001) lower in the severe dyspnea group (25 +/- 8) than in the moderate group (35 +/- 6). The independent factor assessed by multiple logistic regression revealed only the severity of dyspnea to be significantly associated with RVEF (p < 0.02). CONCLUSION: This study showed that the right ventricle ejection fraction would contributes to severity of dyspnea in patients with a similar pulmonary function.
Diffusion ; Dyspnea* ; Heart Ventricles* ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive* ; Residual Volume ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Stroke Volume

OBJECTIVETo examine the correlation between the health-related quality of life measured by the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and the commonly used physiological measures in lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM).

METHODSThis study retrospectively analyzed the SGRQ scores and other measures (the Borg scale of breathlessness at rest, 6-minute walking distance, blood oxygen levels, and pulmonary function) of patients diagnosed and confirmed with LAM. Altogether 38 patients between June 2007 and November 2009 were included.

RESULTSThe mean values of the SGRQ three components (symptoms, activity, and impacts) and total scores in the LAM patients were 46.95 +/- 28.90, 58.47 +/- 25.41, 47.89 +/- 29.66, and 51.11 +/- 26.35, respectively. The SGRQ total or component scores were correlated well with the Borg scale of breathlessness, 6-minute walking distance, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, spirometry and diffusion capacity of lung. There were poor correlations between SGRQ score and residual volume or total lung capacity. In our preliminary observation, sirolimus improved the SGRQ total and three component scores and the Borg scale of breathlessness significantly after 101-200 days of treatment (n = 6).

CONCLUSIONSThe SGRQ score in LAM is correlated well with physiological measures (Borg scale of breathlessness, 6-minute walking distance, blood oxygen levels, and pulmonary function tests). The SGRQ could therefore be recommended in baseline and follow-up evaluation of patients with LAM. Treatment with sirolimus, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin, may improve the quality of life and patient's perception of breathlessness in LAM.

Adult ; Forced Expiratory Volume ; Humans ; Lymphangioleiomyomatosis ; physiopathology ; psychology ; Middle Aged ; Quality of Life ; Residual Volume ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vital Capacity