OBJECTIVETo explore various factors affecting the clinical pregnancy outcomes of artificial insemination with donor sperm (AID).

METHODSWe retrospectively analyzed 15,744 cycles of AID in 6302 women and investigated the association of the clinical pregnancy outcomes of AID with the treatment protocols, the times of insemination per cycle, the age of the infertile women, the status of the oviduct, and the number of AID cycles.

RESULTSThe pregnancy rate of AID was higher in the chlomiphene-treated women than in those of the natural cycle group (P = 0.003) but showed no significant differences either between the chloramiphene and human menopause gonadotropin (HMG) or between the HMG and natural cycle groups (P > 0.05), and so was it in the women that had received AID twice per cycle before and after ovulation (26.3%) than in those that had undergone only once before (7.0%) or after ovulation (23.7%) (P < 0.05). However, the pregnancy rate was remarkably lower in the women aged 35-40 years (16.5%), especially in those over 40 years (1.2%), than in those under 35 years (26.0%) (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the success rate of AID between the women with oviductal adhesion and those without (27.4% vs. 28.1%, P > 0.05). The pregnancy rate of the first cycle of AID (27.6%) was markedly higher than those of the second (24.7%), third (23.9%), and fourth (23.1%) (P < 0.01), but with no significant differences among the latter three cycles (P > 0.05), while that of the fifth cycle (19.0%) was remarkably lower than those of the first four (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe age of the infertile women is an important factor affecting the success rate of AID. AID twice per cycle is better than once only. For those without oviductal factors, at least 4 cycles of AID are required before in vitro fertilization.

Adult ; Age Factors ; Female ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Humans ; Infertility, Female ; Insemination, Artificial ; Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous ; Ovulation ; Ovulation Induction ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Pregnancy Rate ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinical value of artificial insemination by donor (AID).

METHODSWe retrospectively analyzed 480 cycles of AID among 258 infertile couples, who were divided according to the women's age into a < or = 30 yr group and a > or = 31 yr group.

RESULTSA total of 120 pregnancies were achieved in 480 AID cycles, with a cycle pregnancy rate of 25.00% and a cumulative pregnancy rate of 46.51%. In the natural cycles, the cycle pregnancy rate was 29.65% and the cumulative pregnancy rate was 51.00% in the < or = 30 yr group, significantly higher than 13.33% and 25.00% in the > or = 31 yr group (P < 0.05). In the ovulation induction cycles, no significant differences were found in the cycle and cumulative pregnancy rates between the two groups (24.02 and 48.86% versus 23.81 and 43.48% , P > 0.05). The cycle and cumulative pregnancy rates decreased with the increase of infertility duration and the women's age, but had no significant differences. In the first four cycles, the cycle pregnancy rates were 24.03, 24.94, 24.69 and 25.00% (P > 0.05), and the cumulative pregnancy rates were 24.03, 39.53, 45.74 and 46.51%, with significant differences between the first cycle and the other three (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONOvulation induction is superior to natural cycle in AID for older women. IVF/ICSI can be resorted to only after AID has failed three or four times.

Adult ; Azoospermia ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous ; Male ; Ovulation Induction ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Rate ; Retrospective Studies

A man should control his ejaculation until a woman has an orgasm if the couple desires to achieve mutual orgasms during sexual intercourse. In male-oriented traditional societies, men have sexual relations without concerns about female sexuality. On the contrary, men's erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation have been regarded as detrimental to sexual relationships since female sexuality has gained similar importance to male sexuality in the context of gender equality. Thus, many men would like to sustain erections for as long as desired and regulate their ejaculation like the experts in the Tantric sex or Taoism. Sexual techniques or teachings of the ancient Tantric sex or Taoism may sound illogical from a modern medical perspective, but they have something to teach us, such as focusing on foreplay to achieve female orgasm. Several issues on men's erectile capability and ejaculation are discussed in this article, while reviewing a variety of viewpoints on male sexual functioning.
Coitus ; Ejaculation ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Orgasm ; Premature Ejaculation ; Religious Philosophies ; Sexuality

Clinical observation which was made on 136 cases of vasectomy carried out during the first year of National Family Plan, from January to December, 1961, and follow-up study on these patients for 6 months to 1 year after the operation are as follows: 1. 94 cases (69%) of them were aged between 31 and 40, and the average age of total patients was 36.1 years. 2. Official, merchant, and farmer were their occupations in the order of frequency. 3. 47 cases (34.5%) of them had five children respectively, and 52 cases (38.2%) had three boys. 4. 55 cases (41.2%) had used some kind of contraceptive methods, and 65 cases (47%) had experienced artificial abortion. 5. 104 cases (74%) did not work on the day of operation. 6. 97 cases (8.9%) had no postoperative local discomfort. 7. 97 cases (88.9%) had no change in their working efficiency. 8. There were no changes in libido 94 (86,4%), frequency of sexual intercourse 87 (79,8%), ejaculation time 94 (86,4%), amount of semen 81 (74.3%), their orgasm 92 (85,4%), and their wives' orgasm 92 (85.4%) following the operation.
Child ; Coitus ; Contraception ; Ejaculation ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Libido ; Male ; Occupations ; Orgasm ; Semen ; Vasectomy*

A total of 210 male spinal cord injury patients were studied in regard to sexual function. Data were collected by means of private interviews. All patients were arranged arbitrarily into 4 injury types, Complete (C) versus Incomplete (I) and Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) versus Lower Motor Neuron (LMN), according to the level and degree of cord injury based on the neurological examination. It was found that erection occurred in 79%, successful coitus in 45%, ejaculation in 31%, orgasm in 26 % and progeny in l9%. This findings were further classified according to injury types and following results were obtained. 1. Erection in IUMN (91%), CUMN (84% ), ILMN (74%) and CLMN (42%). 2. Successful coitus in IUMN (72%), ILMN (66%), CUMN (24%) and CLMN (19%). 3. Ejaculation in ILMN (66%). IUMN (41 % ). CLMN (15% ) and CUMN (14%). 4. Orgasm in ILMN (60% ), IUMN (37%), CUMN (9%) and CLMN (8%). 5. Progeny in ILMN (37% ), IUMN (22%), CLMN (12%) and CUMN (11%).
Coitus ; Ejaculation ; Humans ; Male* ; Motor Neurons ; Neurologic Examination ; Orgasm ; Spinal Cord Injuries* ; Spinal Cord*

OBJECTIVETo investigate the factors influencing the pregnancy outcomes of artificial insemination with donor sperm (AID), improve the pregnancy rate, and evaluate the safety of the offspring.

METHODSWe retrospectively analyzed 7,761 cycles of AID for 5,109 infertile couples performed between July 1, 2005 and June 30, 2013 in the Center of Reproductive Medicine of Shenyang No 204 Hospital, the outcomes of pregnancy, and the incidence of birth defects.

RESULTSTotally, 2 252 clinical pregnancies were achieved by AID, in which the pregnancy rate per cycle was 29. 02% and the cumulative pregnancy rate was 44. 08%. The clinical pregnancy rate was remarkably higher in the females of ≤ 35 years than in those of > 35 years old (30.31% vs 20.18%, P < 0.01), in the women with < 5-year infertility than in those with > 5-year infertility (30.83% vs 28.16%, P < 0.01), and in the patients of the ovarian stimulation group than in those of the natural cycle group (33.22% vs 28.68%, P < 0.01) The clinical pregnancy rate was the highest in the first treatment cycle (29.87%), with statistically significant difference from the fourth cycle (23.61%) (P < 0.05), but not between the other cycles (P > 0.05). There were 28 cases of birth defects in the offspring (1.40%), including 6 cases (21.43%) involving the cardiovascular system, 4 (14.29%) involving the musculoskeletal system, 3 (10.71%) involving the urogenital system, 3 (10.71%) involving the central nervous system, 2 cases (7.14%) of cleft lip and palate, 2 (7.14%) involving the respiratory system, 2 (7.14%) involving the gastrointestinal digestive system, and other anomalies.

CONCLUSIONFemale age, infertility duration, and ovarian stimulation treatment are important factors influencing the clinical pregnancy rate of AID. Artificial insemination with cryopreserved donor sperm does not increase the incidence of birth defects, which is considered as a relatively safe technique of assisted reproduction.

Adult ; Cryopreservation ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility ; Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous ; methods ; Male ; Maternal Age ; Ovulation Induction ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Pregnancy Rate ; Retrospective Studies ; Semen Preservation ; methods ; Spermatozoa ; Time Factors

PURPOSE: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) presents various symptoms, such as various pains, voiding and sex-related symptoms. To elucidate the characteristic symptoms of CPPS we compared BPH patients with healthy men. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We obtained questionnaires from 530 men, consisting of three groups: 243 CPPS patients aged 40 or below with small sized prostate (<25ml); 115 BPH patients aged 45 or older with non-small sized prostate (> OR =25ml); and 172 healthy men aged below and equal 40 years without pyuria. We compared various pains and voiding symptoms among the three groups, and the sex-related symptoms between 145 CPPS patients and 64 healthy men who had been married at least 6 months, and had regular sexual intercourse with their wife. RESULTS: In comparison with healthy men, the CPPS patients had a higher prevalence of the various pains and most of the voiding symptoms. The CPPS patients had a higher prevalence of pain over the penis, urethra, perineum and prostate gland compared to the BPH patients (p<0.05). There was no statistical significance in voiding symptoms between the CPPS and BPH patients. In respect to the sex-related symptoms, the CPPS patients had a higher prevalence of decreased maintenance time, rigidity at erection, libido, orgasmic feeling and a more painful ejaculation than the healthy men (p<0.01). The frequencies of sexual intercourse and orgasmic sensation following ejaculation were slightly decreased, bur with no statistical significance (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The CPPS patients showed a higher prevalence of various pains and voiding symptoms than the healthy men. Pains over the penis, urethra, perineum and prostate gland are characteristic in CPPS patients. Both the CPPS and BPH patients felt trouble due to the voiding symptoms. The CPPS patients had a higher prevalence of most of sex-related symptoms, but had similar frequencies of sexual intercourse and orgasmic sensation following ejaculation compared to the healthy men.
Coitus ; Ejaculation ; Humans ; Libido ; Male ; Orgasm ; Pelvic Pain* ; Penis ; Perineum ; Prevalence ; Prostate ; Pyuria ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sensation ; Spouses ; Urethra

One important aspect for patients with spinal cord injury is adjustment to altered sexual activity. We studied for the evaluation of the sexual function in patients with spinal cord injury. The following results were obtained. l. 46 spinal cord injury patients were interviewed concerning erections, coitus, ejaculation and orgasm. 32 (69.6%) of t6 spinal cord injury patients were returned erections: 14 (30.4%) patients attempt coitus were successful, 7 (15.2%) patients could ejaculate, and 3 (6.5%) patients had orgasm. Psychogenic erection occur more with LMN lesions. Reflexogenic erection was shown at a higher incidence in patients with LMN lesion. In incomplete UMN lesions, both psychogenic and reflexogenic erection occur with the reflexogenic erection being more predominat. 2. In 8 impotent patients due to spinal cord injury, PBI, BCRLT and Papaverine test were measured. 1) In all patients PBI were greater than 0.75. This result was thought to be not related with vasculogenic factor in the impotence due to spinal cord injury. 2) In BCRLT LMN lesion and mixed type showed no response and delay, UMN lesion was within normal limit. 3) In 5 impotent patients due to spinal cord injury, 30mg papaverine was injected into the corpus cavernosum. One patient showed partial erection, and in 4 patient the penile rigidity was lasted upto 60-90 minutes. There was no complication. 3. The Jonas Silicone silver penile prosthesis was implanted in 3 spinal cord injury patients associated with the impotence and neurogenic bladder. There was no complication, no change of previous voiding pattern and no increased residual urine after implantation of penile prosthesis.
Coitus ; Ejaculation ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Orgasm ; Papaverine ; Penile Prosthesis ; Sexual Behavior ; Silicones ; Silver ; Spinal Cord Injuries* ; Spinal Cord* ; Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic

The safety of human exposure to an ever-increasing number and diversity of electromagnetic field (EMF) sources both at work and at home has become a public health issue. To date, many in vivo and in vitro studies have revealed that EMF exposure can alter cellular homeostasis, endocrine function, reproductive function, and fetal development in animal systems. Reproductive parameters reported to be altered by EMF exposure include male germ cell death, the estrous cycle, reproductive endocrine hormones, reproductive organ weights, sperm motility, early embryonic development, and pregnancy success. At the cellular level, an increase in free radicals and [Ca2+]i may mediate the effect of EMFs and lead to cell growth inhibition, protein misfolding, and DNA breaks. The effect of EMF exposure on reproductive function differs according to frequency and wave, strength (energy), and duration of exposure. In the present review, the effects of EMFs on reproductive function are summarized according to the types of EMF, wave type, strength, and duration of exposure at cellular and organism levels.
Animals ; DNA Breaks ; Electromagnetic Fields ; Embryonic Development ; Estrous Cycle ; Female ; Fetal Development ; Free Radicals ; Germ Cells ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Magnets ; Male ; Organ Size ; Pregnancy ; Public Health ; Reproduction ; Sperm Motility

The safety of human exposure to an ever-increasing number and diversity of electromagnetic field (EMF) sources both at work and at home has become a public health issue. To date, many in vivo and in vitro studies have revealed that EMF exposure can alter cellular homeostasis, endocrine function, reproductive function, and fetal development in animal systems. Reproductive parameters reported to be altered by EMF exposure include male germ cell death, the estrous cycle, reproductive endocrine hormones, reproductive organ weights, sperm motility, early embryonic development, and pregnancy success. At the cellular level, an increase in free radicals and [Ca2+]i may mediate the effect of EMFs and lead to cell growth inhibition, protein misfolding, and DNA breaks. The effect of EMF exposure on reproductive function differs according to frequency and wave, strength (energy), and duration of exposure. In the present review, the effects of EMFs on reproductive function are summarized according to the types of EMF, wave type, strength, and duration of exposure at cellular and organism levels.
Animals ; DNA Breaks ; Electromagnetic Fields ; Embryonic Development ; Estrous Cycle ; Female ; Fetal Development ; Free Radicals ; Germ Cells ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Magnets ; Male ; Organ Size ; Pregnancy ; Public Health ; Reproduction ; Sperm Motility