It is known that ischemic cerebrovascular disease is causing enormous harm to human health on account of the resultant high morbidity and disability rate. In this connexion, the anticipated target is to control the size of focal ischemic cerebral infarction, which is also an important method for judgment of therapeutic efficacy. The key question is to survey the size accurately and objectively; at the same time, the quantitative analysis of focal ischemic cerebral infarction is the pivotal question affecting the experiment conclusion and the reliability level. In this paper are introduced and summarized the methods being recently and commonly used in survey and computation, and the studies made on quantitative analysis of focal ischemic cerebral infarction by 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining method. Also are summarized the principles of dyeing in TTC method, the preparatory work, and the commonly used method of surveying and computation. It is the intent of this review to provide relevant data and suggestion for research workers.
Animals ; Brain Ischemia ; pathology ; Cerebral Infarction ; pathology ; Coloring Agents ; Humans ; Reperfusion Injury ; pathology ; Tetrazolium Salts

Brain Ischemia ; metabolism ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; methods ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism ; pathology ; prevention & control

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the efficacy and the mechanism of application of selective head cooling on neuronal morphological damage during postischemic reperfusion in a rabbit model.

METHODS168 New Zealand rabbits were randomized into three groups. Group I [n = 24, (38 +/- 0.5) degrees C, non-ischemic control]; Group II [n = 72, (38 +/- 0.5) degrees C, normothermic reperfusion]; Group III [n = 72, (28 +/- 0.5) degrees C, selective head cooling, initiated at the beginning of reperfusion). Animals in three subgroups (n = 24, each) of Group II and Group III had reperfused lasting for 30, 180 and 360 min respectively. Using computerized image analysis technique on morphological changes of nucleus, the degree of neuronal damage in 12 regions were differentiated into type A (normal), type B (mild damaged), type C (severely damaged) and type D (necrotic). Fourteen biochemical parameters in brain tissues were measured.

RESULTSAs compared with Group I, the counts of type A neuron decreased progressively, and those of type B, C and D increased significantly in Group II during reperfusion (P < 0.01). In Group II, vasoactive intestinal peptide, b-endorphine, prostacyclin, T3 and Na+, K(+)-ATPase were correlated with the changes of type A; b-endorphine and thromboxane with type B; glucose and vasopressin with type C; Na+, K(+)-ATPase, glutamic acid, T3 and vasoactive intestinal peptide with type D (P < 0.05). As compared with Group II, the counts of type A increased, and those of type C and D significantly decreased in Group III (P < 0.01). In Group III, Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ATPase were correlated with the changes of type A, C and D (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSelective head cooling for sex hours during postischemic reperfusion does improve neuronal morphological outcomes in terms of morphological changes.

Animals ; Brain Ischemia ; pathology ; Cold Temperature ; Neurons ; pathology ; Rabbits ; Reperfusion Injury ; prevention & control ; Resuscitation ; methods

Animals ; Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) ; pharmacology ; Liver ; drug effects ; pathology ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Reperfusion Injury ; pathology

Humans ; Ischemia ; metabolism ; pathology ; therapy ; Ischemic Postconditioning ; methods ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism ; pathology ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo study the TC index location on a reform LONGA' s animal model of regional experimental cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.

METHODSA total of 300 SD male rats were randomly divided into the pre-test group (n = 30), the original method group (n = 120, Longa' s method) and the reform method group [ n = 150, TC index location is defined by the length of rat incisor teeth root (T point) to the common carotid artery bifurcation (C point) ,the blood flow of a unilateral middle cerebral artery in the rats was reversibly blocked by the TC index location). The morphologic changes and the successful rate of the two methods to establish the rat model were compared.

RESULTSThe successful rate of TC index location modified model method was superior to that of original LONGA' s method,with significant difference in linear correlation analysis.

CONCLUSIONThe reform LONGA' s animal model of regional experimental cerebral ischemia and reperfusion by the TC index location is a good method, and is worth applying in experimental study.

Animals ; Brain Ischemia ; pathology ; Carotid Arteries ; pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Incisor ; pathology ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo investigate changes of brain mast cells after transient global ischemia in rats.

METHODSTransient global ischemia damage was induced by four-vessel occlusion. After 1 h to 14 days of ischemia, rats were perfused intracardially by 4% paraformaldehyde. The brains were dissected to serial sections using freeze microtome, and then stained with toluidine blue. Brain mast cell was observed under microscope.

RESULTMost brain mast cells were located in thalamus. The number of mast cells in thalamus markedly decreased during reperfusion after transient global ischemia. However, the degranulation rate of thalamus mast cells showed reverse change after ischemia.

CONCLUSIONBrain mast cells markedly degranulate after transient global ischemia, which may be involved in the pathological process after ischemia.

Animals ; Brain ; pathology ; Cell Degranulation ; Ischemic Attack, Transient ; pathology ; Male ; Mast Cells ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; pathology

The concept of "ischemic postconditioning" was first raised in 2002, and the following 5 year research shows that it can protect organs from reperfusion injury. Although the mechanism of ischemic postconditioning is similar to ischemic preconditioning in many ways, it still has its own characteristics. Reperfusion injury is an inevitable problem in organ transplantation. It may accelerate the function recovery of the transplants to lessen the reperfusion injury. So ischemic postconditioning may have a fine prospect in organ transplantation for its good controllability during reperfusion. This article is going to briefly introduce the distinct mechanisms of ischemic postconditioning to protect organs from reperfusion injury and approach the possibilities of its application in organ transplantation.
Animals ; Humans ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Organ Transplantation ; adverse effects ; methods ; Reperfusion Injury ; prevention & control

The most effective ways to salvage ischemic myocardium threatened by infarction is to restore tissue perfusion as rapidly as possible. These are best accomplished by restoration of coronary flow(reperfusion) by thrombolysis, percutaneous transluminal conronary angioplasty(PTCA), coronary arterial bypass graft (CABG), or cardiac transplantation. Reperfusion of an ischemic area may result however, in paradoxical cardiomyocytes dysfunction, a phenomenon termed" reperfusion injury". Reperfusion injury has been observed in each of above situations. The myocardium can tolerate brief periods (up to 15 minutes) of severe and even total myocardial ischemia without resultant myocardial death. With increasing duration and severity of ischemia, greater cardiomyocytes damage develop with spectrum of reperfusionassociated pathologies, collectively called reperfusion injury. Here, we report a case of a sixty two-yearold female woman who was suffered cardiac surgery(bivalvular replacement and CABG) and died soon after. Post-mortem examination have revealed typical cardiac reperfusion injury in the background of diffuse myocardial infarction. So, authors report this case with literatures reviews, because we think that this is very good case of cardiac reperfusion injury, confirmed histologically by post-mortem examination.
Autopsy ; Coronary Artery Bypass* ; Coronary Vessels* ; Female ; Heart ; Heart Transplantation ; Heart Valves* ; Humans ; Infarction ; Ischemia ; Myocardial Infarction ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury* ; Myocardial Reperfusion* ; Myocardium ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; Pathology ; Perfusion ; Reperfusion ; Reperfusion Injury ; Transplants

OBJECTIVETo investigate the protective effect of ischemic postconditioning (IP) against different degrees of testicular ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in rabbits.

METHODSForty-two white male rabbits were equally randomized into 7 groups: a control, 3 IR (R1, R2 and R3), and 3 IP (P1, P2 and P3) groups. Testicular models of different degrees of ischemia were established in the IR and IP groups. Before reperfusion, ultrasonography showed homogeneous echoes with slightly decreased blood flow in R1 and P1, heterogeneous echoes with obviously decreased blood flow in R2 and P2, lamellar or fragmental low echo areas absent of blood flow signals in R3 and P3. Then the IR groups were directly subjected to perfusion, and the IP groups to 3 episodes of 30-second reperfusion followed by 30-second ischemia. All the groups underwent contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) before reperfusion and, after 3 days, examined for the contents of malonaldehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and histology, and observed for the pathological changes of the testicular tissue.

RESULTSBefore reperfusion, no significant differences were found in the CEUS parameters beta, time-to- peak (TTP), peak-base intensity (PBD) and half of declining time (DT/2) between R1 and P1, R2 and P2, and R3 and P3 (P>0.05). There were remarkable differences in MDA and SOD between R1 and P1, and R2 and P2 (P<0.05), but not between R3 and P3 (P >0.05). Johnson's score, apoptosis index and ultrastructure showed marked differences between R1 and P1 (P<0.05) but not between R2 and P2, and R3 and P3 (P >0.05).

CONCLUSIONIP can attenuate IR-induced testis injury, but the effect varies with the degree of ischemia, and its pathological manifestation differs from the biochemical one.

Animals ; Ischemic Postconditioning ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; analysis ; Rabbits ; Reperfusion Injury ; Superoxide Dismutase ; analysis ; Testis ; pathology