It is known that ischemic cerebrovascular disease is causing enormous harm to human health on account of the resultant high morbidity and disability rate. In this connexion, the anticipated target is to control the size of focal ischemic cerebral infarction, which is also an important method for judgment of therapeutic efficacy. The key question is to survey the size accurately and objectively; at the same time, the quantitative analysis of focal ischemic cerebral infarction is the pivotal question affecting the experiment conclusion and the reliability level. In this paper are introduced and summarized the methods being recently and commonly used in survey and computation, and the studies made on quantitative analysis of focal ischemic cerebral infarction by 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining method. Also are summarized the principles of dyeing in TTC method, the preparatory work, and the commonly used method of surveying and computation. It is the intent of this review to provide relevant data and suggestion for research workers.
Animals ; Brain Ischemia ; pathology ; Cerebral Infarction ; pathology ; Coloring Agents ; Humans ; Reperfusion Injury ; pathology ; Tetrazolium Salts

Brain Ischemia ; metabolism ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; methods ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism ; pathology ; prevention & control

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the efficacy and the mechanism of application of selective head cooling on neuronal morphological damage during postischemic reperfusion in a rabbit model.

METHODS168 New Zealand rabbits were randomized into three groups. Group I [n = 24, (38 +/- 0.5) degrees C, non-ischemic control]; Group II [n = 72, (38 +/- 0.5) degrees C, normothermic reperfusion]; Group III [n = 72, (28 +/- 0.5) degrees C, selective head cooling, initiated at the beginning of reperfusion). Animals in three subgroups (n = 24, each) of Group II and Group III had reperfused lasting for 30, 180 and 360 min respectively. Using computerized image analysis technique on morphological changes of nucleus, the degree of neuronal damage in 12 regions were differentiated into type A (normal), type B (mild damaged), type C (severely damaged) and type D (necrotic). Fourteen biochemical parameters in brain tissues were measured.

RESULTSAs compared with Group I, the counts of type A neuron decreased progressively, and those of type B, C and D increased significantly in Group II during reperfusion (P < 0.01). In Group II, vasoactive intestinal peptide, b-endorphine, prostacyclin, T3 and Na+, K(+)-ATPase were correlated with the changes of type A; b-endorphine and thromboxane with type B; glucose and vasopressin with type C; Na+, K(+)-ATPase, glutamic acid, T3 and vasoactive intestinal peptide with type D (P < 0.05). As compared with Group II, the counts of type A increased, and those of type C and D significantly decreased in Group III (P < 0.01). In Group III, Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ATPase were correlated with the changes of type A, C and D (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSelective head cooling for sex hours during postischemic reperfusion does improve neuronal morphological outcomes in terms of morphological changes.

Animals ; Brain Ischemia ; pathology ; Cold Temperature ; Neurons ; pathology ; Rabbits ; Reperfusion Injury ; prevention & control ; Resuscitation ; methods

Humans ; Ischemia ; metabolism ; pathology ; therapy ; Ischemic Postconditioning ; methods ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism ; pathology ; therapy

Animals ; Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) ; pharmacology ; Liver ; drug effects ; pathology ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Reperfusion Injury ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo study the TC index location on a reform LONGA' s animal model of regional experimental cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.

METHODSA total of 300 SD male rats were randomly divided into the pre-test group (n = 30), the original method group (n = 120, Longa' s method) and the reform method group [ n = 150, TC index location is defined by the length of rat incisor teeth root (T point) to the common carotid artery bifurcation (C point) ,the blood flow of a unilateral middle cerebral artery in the rats was reversibly blocked by the TC index location). The morphologic changes and the successful rate of the two methods to establish the rat model were compared.

RESULTSThe successful rate of TC index location modified model method was superior to that of original LONGA' s method,with significant difference in linear correlation analysis.

CONCLUSIONThe reform LONGA' s animal model of regional experimental cerebral ischemia and reperfusion by the TC index location is a good method, and is worth applying in experimental study.

Animals ; Brain Ischemia ; pathology ; Carotid Arteries ; pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Incisor ; pathology ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo investigate changes of brain mast cells after transient global ischemia in rats.

METHODSTransient global ischemia damage was induced by four-vessel occlusion. After 1 h to 14 days of ischemia, rats were perfused intracardially by 4% paraformaldehyde. The brains were dissected to serial sections using freeze microtome, and then stained with toluidine blue. Brain mast cell was observed under microscope.

RESULTMost brain mast cells were located in thalamus. The number of mast cells in thalamus markedly decreased during reperfusion after transient global ischemia. However, the degranulation rate of thalamus mast cells showed reverse change after ischemia.

CONCLUSIONBrain mast cells markedly degranulate after transient global ischemia, which may be involved in the pathological process after ischemia.

Animals ; Brain ; pathology ; Cell Degranulation ; Ischemic Attack, Transient ; pathology ; Male ; Mast Cells ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; pathology

The most effective ways to salvage ischemic myocardium threatened by infarction is to restore tissue perfusion as rapidly as possible. These are best accomplished by restoration of coronary flow(reperfusion) by thrombolysis, percutaneous transluminal conronary angioplasty(PTCA), coronary arterial bypass graft (CABG), or cardiac transplantation. Reperfusion of an ischemic area may result however, in paradoxical cardiomyocytes dysfunction, a phenomenon termed" reperfusion injury". Reperfusion injury has been observed in each of above situations. The myocardium can tolerate brief periods (up to 15 minutes) of severe and even total myocardial ischemia without resultant myocardial death. With increasing duration and severity of ischemia, greater cardiomyocytes damage develop with spectrum of reperfusionassociated pathologies, collectively called reperfusion injury. Here, we report a case of a sixty two-yearold female woman who was suffered cardiac surgery(bivalvular replacement and CABG) and died soon after. Post-mortem examination have revealed typical cardiac reperfusion injury in the background of diffuse myocardial infarction. So, authors report this case with literatures reviews, because we think that this is very good case of cardiac reperfusion injury, confirmed histologically by post-mortem examination.
Autopsy ; Coronary Artery Bypass* ; Coronary Vessels* ; Female ; Heart ; Heart Transplantation ; Heart Valves* ; Humans ; Infarction ; Ischemia ; Myocardial Infarction ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury* ; Myocardial Reperfusion* ; Myocardium ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; Pathology ; Perfusion ; Reperfusion ; Reperfusion Injury ; Transplants

The concept of "ischemic postconditioning" was first raised in 2002, and the following 5 year research shows that it can protect organs from reperfusion injury. Although the mechanism of ischemic postconditioning is similar to ischemic preconditioning in many ways, it still has its own characteristics. Reperfusion injury is an inevitable problem in organ transplantation. It may accelerate the function recovery of the transplants to lessen the reperfusion injury. So ischemic postconditioning may have a fine prospect in organ transplantation for its good controllability during reperfusion. This article is going to briefly introduce the distinct mechanisms of ischemic postconditioning to protect organs from reperfusion injury and approach the possibilities of its application in organ transplantation.
Animals ; Humans ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Organ Transplantation ; adverse effects ; methods ; Reperfusion Injury ; prevention & control

Autophagy is a lysosome-mediated degradation process for non-essential or damaged cellular constituents, playing an important homeostatic role in cell survival, differentiation and development to maintain homeostasis. Autophagy is involved in tumors as well as neurodegenerative, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Recently, active compounds from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have been found to modulate the levels of autophagy in tumor cells, nerve cells, myocardial cells and endothelial cells. Ischemic stroke is a major cause of neurological disability and places a heavy burden on family and society. Regaining function can significantly reduce dependence and improve the quality of life of stroke survivors. In healthy cells, autophagy plays a key role in adapting to nutritional deprivation and eliminating aggregated proteins, however inappropriate activation of autophagy may lead to cell death in cerebral ischemia. This paper reviews the process and the molecular basis of autophagy, as well as its roles in cerebral ischemia and the roles of TCM in modulating its activity.
Autophagy ; Brain Ischemia ; pathology ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Reperfusion Injury ; therapy