Glycine ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Kupffer Cells ; drug effects ; Liver ; drug effects ; Liver Transplantation ; adverse effects ; Reperfusion Injury ; prevention & control

The concept of "ischemic postconditioning" was first raised in 2002, and the following 5 year research shows that it can protect organs from reperfusion injury. Although the mechanism of ischemic postconditioning is similar to ischemic preconditioning in many ways, it still has its own characteristics. Reperfusion injury is an inevitable problem in organ transplantation. It may accelerate the function recovery of the transplants to lessen the reperfusion injury. So ischemic postconditioning may have a fine prospect in organ transplantation for its good controllability during reperfusion. This article is going to briefly introduce the distinct mechanisms of ischemic postconditioning to protect organs from reperfusion injury and approach the possibilities of its application in organ transplantation.
Animals ; Humans ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Organ Transplantation ; adverse effects ; methods ; Reperfusion Injury ; prevention & control

Cardiology ; methods ; Complementary Therapies ; Coronary Disease ; etiology ; therapy ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; Myocardial Infarction ; therapy ; Myocardial Reperfusion ; adverse effects

OBJECTIVETo study the effect and mechanism of methyl protodioscin (MPD), an active ingredients of yamogenin, in protecting cardiomyocytes (CMC) against anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) injury.

METHODSCultured CMCs of neonatal SD rats were randomly divided into three groups, cells in Group A were untreated normal cells, cells in Group B and C were made to injury CMC model by A/R, and only those in Group C were treated with MPD. Levels of ATPase activity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in cell membrane of CMCs were determined. Besides, the mRNA expression of sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) in MPD treated CMCs was detected.

RESULTSAs compared with Group B, the degree of CMC injury was significantly milder and the activities of Na+ -K+ -ATPase and Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase were higher in Group C after cells were treated with MPD in concentration of 10 microg/mL and 50 microg/mL. The mRNA expression of NCX in CMCs was down-regulated after MPD treatment (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONMPD could maintain the low calcium internal environment in CMCs by way of protecting the membranous function of Na+ -pump and Ca2+ -pump, and influencing the Ca2+ transmembrane transportation in CMCs.

Animals ; Cell Hypoxia ; Cells, Cultured ; Diosgenin ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Oxygen ; adverse effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Saponins ; pharmacology

Myocardial ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning can reduce myocardial infarct size, improve myocardial contractility, protect coronary endothelial and myocardial cell ultrastructure, as well as reduce the incidence of arrhythmias. Clinical practice has confirmed the safety and efficacy of these two methods of myocardial protection. This paper reviewed about ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning protection mechanisms in myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury and clinical research literatures in recent years, to provide a theoretical basis for finding new treatment strategies on the prevention and treatment of ischemic cardiomyopathy.
Animals ; Humans ; Ischemic Postconditioning ; methods ; Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial ; methods ; Myocardial Infarction ; therapy ; Myocardial Ischemia ; therapy ; Myocardial Reperfusion ; adverse effects ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; agonists ; Signal Transduction

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of inhalation enflurane (Enf) before aortic clamping on myocardial reperfusion injury in cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).

METHODShirty patents undergoing selective cardiac valve replacement were randomly allocated to three groups. Group I and group II inhaled 1.0 MAC and 0.5 MAC Enf before clamping aorta, respectively. Group III was the control group interval administration with Fentanyl.

RESULTSImmediately upon aortic clamp release (T2), the value of CK-MB, MDA and SOD of all the groups was significantly increased, however,their concentration did not peak significantly until T3 and T4(10 and 30 min after clamp aorta release). The levels at 60 min (T5) and 24 hours (T6) aorta were lower than T4 but still higher than T(0). At T3 and T4, CK-MB levels in group I were significantly higher than those in II and III groups (P=0.0220, 0.0108 and 0.0202, 0.0295). At T6, the CK-MB level of group II was significantly higher than that of group III (P<0.0001). At T4 and T5, the MDA value of group I was higher than that of group II (P=0.0060 and 0.0364). Meanwhile, the SOD level in group I was also higher than that of group II and group III at the T4 point (P<0.0001 and 0.0084). There was a correlation between the CK-MB value and the aorta clamping time,correlation coefficient range being 0.55 - 0.81,(P<0.05). However, there was no correlation between the CK-MB and MDA, SOD.

CONCLUSIONThere is ischemia reperfusion injury during cardiac surgery CPB with the increase of OFR production and elevation of the antioxidant reserve. Inhalation of large dose of enflurane may result in increased myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury manifested by elevated levels of myocardial enzymes and OFR production.

Adult ; Aged ; Anesthetics, Inhalation ; adverse effects ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; adverse effects ; Creatine Kinase ; blood ; Creatine Kinase, MB Form ; Enflurane ; adverse effects ; Female ; Free Radicals ; Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Isoenzymes ; blood ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; blood ; Middle Aged ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; etiology ; Superoxide Dismutase ; blood

In the 21st century, one of the focuses in the field of organ transplantation is the prevention of chronic kidney graft dysfunction (CKGD) and the furtherance of the long-term survival rate. Researches on the mechanism and prevention of CKGD have made progress in the important immune and nonimmune factors of CKGD. Researchers' endeavors to establish the model of CKGD in the animals such as inbreeding pigs; to develop new drugs which are characterized by high efficacy, low toxicity, low cost, and synergy when used together with immune depressants available from natural medicine; and to probe deeply into the mechanism and prevention of CKGD, will be the important aspects in the field of organ transplantation in the 21st century.
Graft Survival ; immunology ; Humans ; Kidney ; blood supply ; physiopathology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; prevention & control ; Kidney Transplantation ; adverse effects ; Reperfusion Injury ; prevention & control ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVETo explore the risk and protective factors for the occurrence of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

METHODSClinical and angiographic data of 228 AMI patients in whom the infarct-related arteries (IRA) were successfully revascularized by primary PCI were analyzed retrospectively. MIRI was defined if the following conditions existed after PCI: severe bradycardia with hypotension, or lethal ventricular arrhythmias requiring electrical cardioversion, or IRA antegrade flow < or = TIMI 2 grade flow without angiographic evidence of thrombus, emboli, dissection or spasm. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent relative factors among 18 clinical and angiographic factors for occurrence of MIRI.

RESULTSMultivariate logistic regression analysis showed that independent risk factors for MIRI were the time intervals from AMI onset to IRA reflow < or = 6 h (P = 0.014), inferior infarction localization (P = 0.006), IRA antegrade flow prior to PCI < or = TIMI 1 grade (P = 0.028), multivessel lesions (P = 0.063) and renal insufficiency (P = 0.067). Pre-infarction angina was found to be an independent protective factor (P = 0.005).

CONCLUSIONSShort time intervals from AMI onset to IRA revascularization, inferior wall infarction location, low IRA antegrade flow prior to PCI, multivessel lesions and renal insufficiency may promote the occurrence of MIRI during primary PCI, whereas pre-infarction angina may be a cardioprotective factor attenuating MIRI.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary ; adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myocardial Infarction ; therapy ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; etiology ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVESTo investigate the relationship between the apoptosis of sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC) and the hepatocyte injury of the livers after their transplantation into rats.

METHODSMale SD rats were divided into three groups randomly: sham group, UW1h group and UW12 h group. Orthotopic liver transplantations were performed using the technique described by Kamada with a modification. A survival rate curve was made using the Kaplan-Meier method. Liver tissue specimens and blood samples were collected at different time points after the surgeries. Six animals were sacrificed at each time-point. The liver injury was evaluated by serum ALT and HA levels. The incidence of apoptosis in SECs was measured using the Tunel method. Additionally, the typical morphology indication of apoptosis was observed by transmission electron microscopy.

RESULTSThe survival rate at 168 h in the UW12 h group was significantly lower than that in the UW1h group (F = 6.39, P<0.05). The levels of serum ALT and HA were significantly higher in UW12 h group than those in UW1h group (F = 3.99, P<0.05; F = 12.43, P<0.05). The serum ALT level reached its peak at 6 h after transplantation in both groups. The AI of SEC was significantly higher in the UW12 h group than those in the UW1h group and sham group (F = 63.58, P<0.01; F = 86.58, P<0.01). The apoptosis index (AI) in the UW1h group and in the UW12 h group both reached their peak at 6 h postoperatively and the AI of SEC of each group was positively correlated with their serum ALT levels significantly (r = 1.0, P,0.01; r = 0.962, P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe increase of apoptosis of SEC is significantly correlated with the dysfunction of the livers after transplantation in rats, and the dysfunction was mainly caused by the process of cold preservation/reperfusion injury.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; physiology ; Cryopreservation ; Endothelial Cells ; pathology ; Hepatocytes ; pathology ; Kupffer Cells ; pathology ; Liver ; pathology ; Liver Transplantation ; adverse effects ; Male ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; pathology

Apoptosis ; Genes, fos ; Genes, jun ; Heat-Shock Proteins ; physiology ; Humans ; Liver ; blood supply ; Liver Transplantation ; adverse effects ; NF-kappa B ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide ; physiology ; Reperfusion Injury ; etiology