Objective In the early life period when eyes grow rapidly,visual experience can play an important role in axial growth and refractive development. For instance, depriving the eye of form vision during infancy will accelerate axial growth, resulting in substantial amounts of myopia, called form deprivation myopia (FDM). Similarly, imposing the eye with a negative lens produces compensating myopic growth in many species, called defocus induced myopia (DIM) . As one of the important visual experiences,color vision and its effects on eye growth deserve to be investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 530 nm monochromatic light and establish an innovative model of myopia in guinea pig by exposing to this monochromatic light. Methods Twenty male guinea pigs at 2 weeks old were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 10) . The experimental group was raised under the condition of 330 nm monochromatic light illumination. The control one was bred under white light illumination with 5000 k color temperature. These guinea pigs were raised in a specially designed cage. The light source was provided by specially made LEDs (green: peak value 530 nm and half bandwidth 30 nm; white: color temperature 5000 K) . The illumination parameters of the two groups were identical and the light quantum number was 3 x 10~(-4)μmol·cm~(-2)·s~(-1) . Through measuring,the irradiance value was 0.150 mW·cm~(-2) for green light and 0.247 mW·cm~(-2) for white light approximately. All animals were kept under a 12/12 h light/dark cycle (light: 8 a.m. - 8 p.m. ) ,in the temperature of 22℃ - 26℃ and a relative humidity of 55% -65% . Both groups underwent biometric measurement including refraction,corneal curvature and axial length,etc. before and after twelve weeks treatment. The refraction was examined using a streak rednoscope and trial lenses in a dark room one hour after topically administering a cycloplegic eye drop. The radius of comeal curvature was measured with a keratometer (Topcon OM-4, Japan) and axial components was measured by A-scan ultrasonagraphy ( Opticon Hiscan A/B).Repeated measurements were undertaken. Only the right eye's parameters of each guinea pig were used for analysis. Unpaired (-tests were used in all comparisons between the two groups of eyes with a statistical analysis software (Stata, version 7.0) . Results Before treatment, the refraction of experimental group was 4.6 ± 0.59 D.and that of the control group was 4.63 ± 0.48 D. The axial and vitreous body length was 7.48 ±0.11 mm and 3.16 ±0.07 mm in the experimental group,respectively,and 7.55 ±0.16 mm,3.21 ±0.09 mm in the control. The differences between the biometric parameters of the two groups including refraction, comeal curvature and axial components were not significant ( P > 0.05) . However,after a twelve-week exposure, the variation of refraction in the experimental group was -3.125 ± 0.76 D,and - 1.075 ± 0.71 D was observed in the control group. There was a 2.0 D myopia in the experimental group compared with the control. Axial length grew 0.98 ± 0.13 mm in the experimental group and 0.77 ± 0.22 mm in the control. Vitreous body extended to 0.33 ± 0.14 mm and 0.13 ± 0.14 mm in the two groups, respectively. The refraction of the experimental group shifted more towards myopia ( P < 0.0001) accompanied with a more accelerated speed of axial growth and vitreous body's extension ( P < 0.05) compared with that of the control group. There were no significant differences in the radius of comeal curvature, the depth of anterior chamber and the lens thickness between the eyes of the two groups at the end of the experiment ( P > 0.05) . Conclusion The 530 run monochromatic light can accelerate the prolongation of axial length and vitreous body inducing axial myopia in guinea pigs.

Objective To observe curative effect of olopatadine in treatment of allergic conjunctivitis combined with frequently winking in children. Design Prospective case series. Participants Ninety seven children with frequently winking aged 3-12 years in Shanghai Eye and ENT Hospital. Methods According to the factor in causation of frequently winking (FW), 97 children were divided into allergic conjunctivitis (AC) group, trichiasis combined AC group, AC with tics group, trichiasis group, tics group and unknown cau-sation group after clinical examination. The first 3 groups with AC were treated with olopatadine 0.1% ophthalmic solution b.I.d.(n=35) and emedastine 0.05% ophthalmic solution was used q.I.d, in AC group as control(n=32). The patients were followed after 3 weeks and the extent of symptoms of FW was recorded. Main Outcome Measures Extent of the symptoms of FW. Result The effective rate of olopatadine in treating FW caused by AC or AC combined with other diseases was 80.43%. The effective rate in FW children caused mainly by AC was 82.86% which was higher than that of control drug emedastine (75.0%) (P=0.02). Seven cure cases were all in olopatadine treating group. Conclusion AC is the most common and main causative factor in FW children. Early use of olopatadine ophthalmic drop can effectively alleviate FW symptoms. (Ophthalmol CHN, 2009, 18: 272-274)

OBJECTIVETo detect mutations of the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) gene in two Chinese X-linked retinitis pigmentosa families.

METHODSFragments of exons 1-19 of the RPGR gene were amplified with intronic primers, using genomic DNA as template. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were analysed by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and direct sequencing. Mutations were identified by comparing DNA sequences of the patients with those of the normal controls.

RESULTSTwo novel mutations, c1536delC and E332X, were identified in exons 12 and 9 of the RPGR gene in both families. Each mutation was the first mutation found in their respective exons. Both mutations were predicted to cause premature termination, which resulted in truncated proteins without normal functions of the RPGR products.

CONCLUSIONSBoth mutations are the genetic basis of the pathogenesis in the respective families. Our data might be helpful in analysing the function of the RPGR protein.

Carrier Proteins ; genetics ; Eye Proteins ; Female ; Genetic Linkage ; Humans ; Male ; Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; Retinitis Pigmentosa ; genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; X Chromosome

OBJECTIVETo investigate the distribution, changes and a possible role for retinal dopamine transporter (DAT) in experimental myopia in chickens.

METHODSTwo-day-old chickens were divided into four groups. Chicken eyes were fitted with lenses of -10D,-20D and translucent goggles unilaterally. Normal eyes were used as controls. After 3 wk, all chickens were given an intramuscular injection of (125)I-beta-CIT 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropane and sacrificed two hours post injection. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the neural retina were obtained together or RPE was dissected out from the neural retina. Radioactive DAT from each specimen was assayed by gamma-counter.

RESULTSRetinal DAT was detected in RPE specimens rather than in the neural retina in all eyes. Radioactive DAT in myopic eyes was higher, compared with control eyes.

CONCLUSIONSRetinal DAT is mainly located in the RPE and may be involved in the formation of lens induced myopia (LIM) and form deprivation myopia (FDM). These methods may provide a new approach for further studying the role of the dopamine system in experimental myopia.

Animals ; Chickens ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Eye ; growth & development ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; analysis ; physiology ; Myopia ; metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Retina ; chemistry

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of bone filling mesh bag combined with pedicle anchoring for the treatment of Stage Ⅲ reducible Kummell disease.Method The 35 paients with Stage Ⅲ reducible Kummell disease were treated with bone filling mesh bag combined with pedicle anchoring from January 2018 to December 2022.The operation Time,intraoperative blood lose,bone cement injection volume and surgical complications were recorded.The VAS score,ODI value,kyphosis Cobb angle and midline height of the injured vertebral were compared at preoperative,postoperative 1 day and last follow-up.Results All patients were followed up for 12-24 months[(15±3.5)months].Operation time was 35-63 min[(45±5.8)min],intraoperative blood loss was 10-35 ml[(20±5)ml],bone cement injection volume was 4.5-7.8 ml[(5.5±1.8)ml].There were 4 cases of bone cement leakage,there were 1 case of intervertebral leakage,2 cases of lateral leakage,1 case of anterior leakage and no patient with intracanal leakage.All bone cement leakage did not lead to clinical symptoms,bone cement poisoning and pulmonary embolism.No cement mass slip.All patients were followed up for 12 to 24 months[(15±3.5)months].VAS scores and Oswestry Disability Index(ODI)values were significantly lower on the first day after surgery than before surgery,with statistical significance(P＜0.05).The 3-month follow-up was slightly higher than that on the first day after surgery,and the difference was not statistically significant(P＞0.05).The midline height and Cobb Angle of the injured vertebra were measured by imaging.The height of the injured vertebra recovered significantly on the first day after operation,and the Cobb Angle decreased significantly,the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).The midline height of the injured vertebrae decreased and the Cobb Angle increased slightly at 3 months after the operation,but the difference was not statistically significant(P＞0.05).Conclusion In the the treatment of Stage Ⅲ reducible Kummell disease,Bone filling mesh bag combined with Pedicle anchoring have good clinical efficacy,which can significantly reduce the pain of patients,relieve clinical symptoms,improve spinal function,improve quality of life,and reduce the incidence of bone cement leakage and slippage.

Objective To explore the value of methylation of SDC2 and SFRP2 genes promoter in fecal DNA for colorectal cancer ( CRC) screening. Methods All stool samples were enrolled from Changhai Hospital of Naval Medical University, the Tenth People' s Hospital of Tongji University and the Seventh Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital. A total of 500 stool samples collected from March 2018 to December 2018 were allocated to CRC group ( 132 CRCs ) , adenoma group ( 38 advanced adenomas), healthy group (152 healthy individuals), interferential group (178 cases of benign colorectal disease or other non-colorectal tumors) and negative group (330 cases composed of healthy group and interferential group ) . The promoter methylation of fecal SDC2 and SFRP2 genes was detected by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and compared with single gene methylation and the fecal immunochemical tests ( FIT) to evaluate its sensitivity and specificity. Results The stool sample analysis showed that the sensitivity of combined detection of SDC2 and SFRP2 in CRC group was 97. 73％ ( 129/132 ) , which was significantly higher than those of the single gene SDC2 test [ 70. 45％ ( 93/132) , P=0. 000] , single SFRP2 test [81. 82％ (108/132), P=0. 000] and FIT [69. 70％ (92/132), P=0. 000]. In adenoma group, the sensitivity of combined detection of SDC2 and SFRP2 was 57. 89％ (22/38), which was significantly higher than those of the single gene SDC2 test [ 15. 79％ ( 6/38 ) , P= 0. 000 ] and FIT [ 21. 05％ ( 8/38 ) , P=0. 021] , with no significant difference compared with that of SFRP2 test [ 47. 37％ ( 18/38) , P=0. 358] . In healthy group, the specificity of combined detection of SDC2 and SFRP2 was 98. 68％ (150/152), with no significant difference compared with those of single gene SDC2 test [ 100. 00％( 152/152) , P=0. 156] , single SFRP2 test [98. 68％ (150/152), P=1. 000] or FIT [95. 39％ (145/152), P=0. 091]. Specificities of combined detection of two genes in interferential and negative groups were 90. 45％ ( 161/178) and 94. 24％( 311/330) , which were significantly higher than 73. 03％( 130/178, P=0. 000) and 83. 33％( 275/330, P=0. 000) of FIT, respectively. Conclusion The combined detection test of methylation of SDC2 and SFRP2 is superior to single gene test, whose sensitivity of CRC and aggressive adenoma and specificity of distinguishing benign and malignant lesions are higher than FIT, which has potential application value.

Objective To explore the association between white matter hyperintensities volume and cognitive function in patients with hypertension.Methods Eighty-two patients with hypertension enrolled from the Department of Neurology of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from January 2017 to December 2017 were recruited in this study sequentially,who aged between 50 and 80 years.All subjects used automatic white matter quantitative technique to get their personal whole white matter hyperintensities volume,periventricular white matter hyperintensities volume and deep white matter hyperintensities volume.Neuropsychological scales were used to evaluate their global cognitive function,memory function,fluency,executive function and processing speed.The association between white matter hyperintensities volume and cognitive function via linear regression analysis was assessed.To explore whether the association between white matter hyperintensities volume and cognitive function be affected by the duration of hypertension,stratification analyses were conducted using the median of the duration of hypertension as separation.Results After adjusting for age,sex,education,lacunar infarctions and global cortical atrophy grade,the Trail Marking Test (2-1) score which reflects executive function was found to be related to whole white matter hyperintensities volume (standardized beta-value=0.268,P=0.019),periventricular white matter hyperintensities volume (standardized beta-value=0.243,P=0.037) and deep white matter hyperintensities volume (standardized beta-value=0.243,P=0.021).Victorial Snoop Test-2 score which reflects processing speed was found to be related to periventricular white matter hyperintensities volume (standardized beta-value=0.270,P=0.023).After additional adjusting for the duration of hypertension,the Trail Marking Test (2-1) score was still found to be related to whole white matter hyperintensities volume (standardized beta-value=0.277,P=0.016),periventricular white matter hyperintensities volume (standardized beta-value=0.251,P=0.032) and deep white matter hyperintensities volume (standardized beta-value=0.248,P=0.019).The Victorial Stroop Test-2 score was found to be related to whole white matter hyperintensities volume (standardized beta-value=0.237,P=0.041) and periventricular white matter hyperintensities volume (standardized beta-value=0.290,P=0.013).Conclusion Whole white matter hyperintensities volume,periventricular white matter hyperintensities volume and deep white matter hyperintensities volume are related to executive function,periventricular white matter hyperintensities volume is also related to processing speed in patients with hypertension,and the association between white matter hyperintensities volume and cognitive domain is not influenced by the duration of hypertension.

Objective To investigate the effect of hypertension on white matter microstructure and its correlation with cognitive function using automated fiber-tract quantification.Methods Consecutive subjects visited Drum Tower Hospital,the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School between January 2017 and July 2018 were collected.They were divided into hypertension without cognitive impairment (HTN-nonCI) group (n =44),hypertension with cognitive impairment (HTN-CI) group (n =50),and control group (n =25).The imaging data and neuropsychological scale test results of the subjects were collected.The automated fiber-tract quantification was used to obtain the diffusion parameters of 100 nodes on 20 fiber tracts in the whole brain.The differential segments of each fiber tract diffusion parameter between the control group and HTN-nonCI group,and the HTN-nonCI group and HTN-CI group were compared.Correlation analysis was performed in white matter fiber tracts with significant differences and each cognitive domain between the HTN-nonCI group and the HTN-CI group.Results The fractional anisotropy (FA) of white matter fiber tracts in 3 groups showed a decreasing trend,and the mean diffusion diffusivity (MD) showed an increasing trend.The comparison between the control group and the HTN-nonCI group showed that there were significant differences in the FA values of the midpoint of left thalamic radiation tract partial to brainstem,the genus of corpus callosum near brainstem,and frontal part and and proximal ventricle of splenium of corpus callosum (all P＜0.05);there were significant differences in the MD values of the middle part of left thalamic radiation tract and near the brainstem,the right thalamic radiation tract near the brainstem,the top of left corticospinal tract and near brainstem,the middle hippocampus of right cingulate tract,the middle part of genu of corpus callosum,the splenium of the corpus callosum near the lateral ventricle,the left uncinate tract near the forehead (all P ＜ 0.05).A comparison between the HTN-nonCI group and the HTN-CI group showed that there was significant difference in the FA value between the distributed segments of cingulate gyrus of left cingulate tract and the left inferior fronto-occipital tract near the occipital lobe,in which cingnlate gyrus of left cingulate tract was significantly correlated with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale score (standardized3 =0.268,P =0.029);there were significant differences in the right thalamic radiation tract near the brainstem,the forehead and proximal ventricle of splenium of the corpus callosum,and the scattered distribution segments of the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus,in which the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus was significantly correlated with memory (standardizedβ=-0.243,P=0.047) and executive function (standardizedβ=-0.284,P=0.021).Conclusions Microstructural integrity of white matter was generally destroyed in patients with hypertension,but some segments were more susceptible to hypertension.The integrity of cingnlate gyrus of cingulate tract was significantly correlated with the overall cognitive function.The integrity of inferior iongitudinal fasciculus was significantly correlated with the executive function and memory.

Objective To investigate the correlation between white matter lesions (WMLs) score and volume and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) in patients with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD).Methods Patients with non-acute lacunar infarction from the CSVD Follow-up Cohort Study in the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University from January 2017 to December 2017 were enrolled.The relevant clinical data were collected and 3.0 T cranial MRI examinations were performed,including T1-weighted imaging,T2-weighted imaging,fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence,susceptibility-weighted imaging,and diffusion-weighted imaging.W2MHS software was used to quantify the volume of WMLs.Fazekas method was used to score periventricular and deep WMLs separately.The number of CMBs was counted visually.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent influencing factors of CMBs.Multivariate linear regression equation (stepwise method) was used to analyze the independent influencing factors of the number of CMBs.Medcalc 18.6 was used to deseribe receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.The predictive value of WMLs Fazekas scores and volumes for CMBs was evaluated.Results A total of 82 patients were enrolled,including 31 (37.8％) in CMBs group and 51 (62.2％) in non-CMBs group.The comparison between the two groups showed that smoking,use of antiplatelet agents,history of transient ischemic attack (TIA) or lacunar infarction,larger WMLs volume,higher levels of triacylglycerol,and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol might be the risk factors for CMBs.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that higher Fazekas score (odds ratio 1.908,95％ confidence interval 1.210-3.009;P=0.005) and larger WMLs volume (odds ratio 4.620,95％ confidence interval 1.279-16.683;P =0.019) were the independent risk factors for CMBs.Multiple linear regression analysis showed that Fazekas score (r =0.379,P =0.001) and WMLs volume (r =0.260,P =0.023) were independently and positively correlated with the number of CMBs.The ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of Fazekas scores predicting CMBs was 0.768 (95％ confidence interval 0.654-0.881).The optimal cut-off value was 3,the sensitivity was 61.29％,and the specificity was 90.20％.The area under the curve of WMLs volume predicting CMBs was 0.783 (95％ confidence interval 0.677-0.867).The optimal cut-off value was the volume of WMLs reaching 2 137.96 mm3.The sensitivity was 73.33％,and the specificity was 84.00％.Conclusion WMLs and CMBs had significant correlation in patients with CSVD.The WMLs Fazekas score and volume quantification are expected to serve as the alternative indicators for the urgent assessment of CMBs.

Objective To investigate the correlation between total MRI cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) score and overall cognitive functions and different cognitive domains.Methods Form January 2017 to June 2018,subjects aged 45-80 years and without dementia were recruited from the Neurology clinic,wards,Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital,the Affdiated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School and communities.The overall cognitive function,executive function,processing speed,working memory,language function,visual-spatial ability,and depression were assessed with the related scale in all subjects.3.0 T MRI (T1-weighted imaging,T2-weighted imaging,diffusion-weighted imaging,liquid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence,and susceptibility-weighted imaging) was used to identify white matter hyperintensities,lacunar foci,microbleeds,and enlargement of perivascular space.The total SVD score was calculated.Results A total of 217 subjects were enrolled,including 24 normal middle-aged and elderly,65 at risk of cerebrovascular disease,128 with SVD changes in imaging findings.Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that after adjusting for possible confounding factors,the total SVD score and overall cognitive function (β =-0.105,95％ confidence interval [CI]-0.201--0.010;P =0.030),executive function (β =-0.135,95 ％ C!-0.216--0.054;P =0.001),and language function (β =-0.095,95％ CI-0.182--0.008;P =0.032) showed a significantly independent negative correlation.Conclusion The total SVD score was negatively correlated with the overall cognitive function,executive function,and impairment of language function.