In history, there were frequent medical exchanges between China and foreign countries. After the introduction of foreign drugs, they are endowed with the properties of Chinese materia medica and undergo a process of utility evolution, which can be called "Chinese materia medica transformation". This article took natural drugs introduced from India as the research object and found that the common understanding between Ayurvedic medicine and TCM theory is the theoretical basis for the Chinese materia medica transformation" of natural drugs in India. Indian drugs need to complete the process of "Chinese materia medica transformation" through two approaches: the attribution of Chinese materia medica attributes based on the corresponding relationship between the two medical theories, and the supplementation of properties and effects beyond the common understanding. The case of "Chinese materia medica transformation" of natural drugs in India can provide a theoretical and practical basis for the research of "Chinese materia medica transformation" of more foreign new drugs.

Chaihu Guizhitang is one of the classical formulas in the Catalogue of Ancient Classical Formulas （the second batch）. Through extensive searching and systematic review of ancient medical books on Chaihu Guizhitang， this study summarized the key information of this formula， which encompassed the origin and development， medicinal composition， original plants and processing， dosage， preparation method， usage， compatibility， and indications. A total of 173 valid data entries were obtained， involving a total of 97 ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine. Chaihu Guizhitang is first recorded in ZHANG Zhongjing's Treatise on Cold Damage and consists of nine herbs： Bupleuri Radix， Scutellariae Radix， Cinnamomi Ramulus， Paeoniae Alba Radix， Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma， Pinelliae Rhizoma， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens， and Jujubae Fructus. In ancient medical books， this formula has synonyms such as Chaihu Jia Gui Tang， Chaihu Jia Guizhitang， and Guizhi Chaihu Ge Ban Tang. The medicinal composition of this formula recorded in ancient medical books is basically consistent with that of the original formula， and it is thus recommended that the composition of the original formula should be followed in the current clinical application. The original plants of the herbal medicines in this formula are in accordance with those in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China （2020 edition）. In terms of processing methods， Pinelliae Rhizoma processed with ginger， and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma is stir-fried. Other herbal medicines in this formula are used with the raw materials. According to the record in the Treatise on Cold Damage， Chaihu Guizhitang is mainly used to treat diseases involving Greater Yang and Lesser Yang. Ancient medical books record that this formula can treat sudden pain in the heart and abdomen， cold abdominal colic， delirium， malaria， thermal imbalance of kidney Qi， and motive Qi. Considering modern medication practice， it is recommended that Chaihu Guizhitang is composed of 14.92 g Bupleuri Radix， 5.60 g Scutellariae Radix， 5.60 g Cinnamomi Ramulus， 5.60 g Paeoniae Alba Radix， 5.60 g Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma， 5.60 g Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens， 4.66 g Pinelliae Rhizoma， 3.73 g Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， and 4.30 g Jujubae Fructus， which should be decocted with 1 400 mL water to reach a volume of 600 mL. The decoction should be taken warm after meals， 200 mL each time， three times a day.

The Wendan Decoction,a classic prescription first recorded in Yao Shengyuan's"Ji Yan Fang"during the Southern and Northern Dynasties,has been a mainstay in Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)clinical applications.Recently included in the first batch of the"Catalogue of Ancient Classical Famous Prescriptions"and highlighted in the"Key Information List of Ancient Classical Famous Prescriptions(25 Prescriptions)",this paper summarizes the research progress on Wendan Decoction.The decoction is recognized for its lipid-lowering,blood pressure-reducing,anti-inflammatory,and anti-schizophrenic properties,and is extensively used in modern clinical practice,especially for neurological,cardiovascular,digestive,and endocrine system disorders.In TCM,Wendan Decoction is often tailored and applied in cases diagnosed with phlegm and stasis.Referencing the"Q-marker"quality standard proposed by Academician Liu Changxiao in 2016,this study predicts the quality markers of Wendan Decoction based on the"five principles",identifying β-sitosterol,succinic acid,quercetin,tricin,luteolin,naringin,nobiletin,hesperidin,naringenin,6-gingerol,glycyrrhizin,and glycyrrhetinic acid as key constituents.These findings are intended to facilitate the refinement of Wendan Decoction's prescription and enhance its clinical effectiveness.

ObjectiveThrough the review of the literature about Asari Radix et Rhizoma， we extracted the key information affecting the toxicity of Asari Radix et Rhizoma， aiming to provide a basis for the rational application of Asari Radix et Rhizoma in the classical prescriptions. MethodThe bibliometric method was employed to analyze the ancient and modern literature and thus reveal the relationship of Asari Radix et Rhizoma toxicity with the medicinal plants， medicinal part， processing method， dosage form， prescription compatibility， medication method， and patients' physical factors. ResultThe dosage of Asari Radix et Rhizoma in Danggui Sinitang and Houpo Mahuangtang was 9 g and 6 g， respectively， and the decocting time should be longer than 120 min. The single dosage of Asari Radix et Rhizoma in Xinyisan， Sanbitang， Daqinjiao Tang， and Qingshang Juantongtang were 0.8， 1.2， 0.9， and 1.1 g， respectively. The rhizome of Asarum heterotropoides var. mandshuricum or A. sieboldii var. seou1ense should be selected for Danggui Sinitang， Houpo Mahuangtang， and Qingshang Juantongtang， while that of A. siebodii var. seou1ense should be selected for Xinyisan. In terms of processing， Asari Radix et Rhizoma can be processed with wine when being used in Danggui Sinitang， Houpo Mahuangtang， Sanbitang， and Daqinjiaotang， and it can be stir-fried when being used in Xinyisan and Qingshang Juantongtang. In addition， the toxicity of Asari Radix et Rhizoma is associated with the compatibility of drugs and the physical conditions of patients. ConclusionBy reviewing the literature on Asari Radix et Rhizoma toxicity， we obtained the key information affecting the toxicity of Asari Radix et Rhizoma and explored the effective ways to avoid the toxicity. This study provides a sufficient basis for the rational development and safe application of the classical prescriptions containing Asari Radix et Rhizoma.

Huangqin Decoction is a classic formula published in the Catalogue of Ancient Classical Famous Prescriptions(the Sec-ond Batch).This paper systematically collates,researches and analyzes the ancient and modern clinical literature that records Huan-gqin Decoction,sorts out key issues such as the prescription origin,composition,medicine origin,processing method,usage and dos-age,efficacy and indications of Huangqin Decoction,and performs predictive analysis on its quality markers(Q-Marker)to provide lit-erature and theoretical support for the clinical application and preparation development of Huangqin Decoction from the entire process of textual research-preparation development-quality evaluation.After analysis and research,it is found that Huangqin Decoction is de-rived from Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Cold Damage.It consists of Scutellaria baicalensis,Radix Paeoniae Alba,and Glycyrrhiza,with Jujube serving as the guiding herb.The medicine origin follows the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.Scutellaria ba-icalensis and Radix Paeoniae Alba are taken in the raw form;Glycyrrhiza is lightly fried and Jujubes with sliced pieces.The doasge of medicine is 11.19 of Scutellaria baicalensis,7.46 g of Radix Paeoniae Alba and Glycyrrhiza,and jujubes are added or subtracted ac-cording to the situation.The method of preparation and administration is that all herbs are added with 2 000 mL of water,decocting to 600 mL.The decoction can be consumed warm 3 times a day at any suitable time.The formula was commonly used in ancient times for dysentery,but now it is also used for other digestive system diseases such as ulcerative colitis and chronic colitis,which are mainly characterized by diarrhea.The suggested Q-markers for Huangqin Decoction are baicalin,baicalein,wogonin,paeoniflorin,glycyrrhi-zin and glycyrrhizic acid.

Through analyzing the origin and evolution of the thunder-fire moxibustion therapy, the mysteries and misunderstandings of it were revealed. As a result, a more objective and comprehensive recognition of this ancient therapy was displayed to the people nowadays. The thunder-fire moxibustion therapy maybe originate from the Taoism magic arts before the Dynasty and became matured in the middle of the Dynasty. Two categories were divided during the long-term evolution in the history. In one category, the peach twig was taken as the moxa material rather than moxa stick and the incantation of Taoism remained. Regarding the other category, the herbal medicine was mixed in the moxa stick and the herbal composition was relatively specified. The incantation was removed. The moxibustion in the first category vanished at the end of the Dynasty. The latter one kept on development from the middle of the Dynasty through the modern times. Additionally, the herbal composition of moxa material has been modified; the indication enlarged and the operation improved. This therapy is still developed and applied by many doctors at the present times.
Acupuncture Therapy ; History, Medieval ; Humans ; Moxibustion ; history ; Phytotherapy

Baizhusan， derived from Key to Medicines and Patterns of Children's Diseases （《小儿药证直诀》） by QIAN Yi in Song dynasty， is a classical prescription that has been highly praised by doctors and widely used in clinical practice. It was included in the Catalogue of Ancient Classical Prescriptions （the second batch of Pediatrics） released by the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine （TCM） in 2022. In this paper， the ancient documents related to Baizhusan were collected by bibliographical research， and the source， composition， herb origin and processing， dosage， decocting method， administration method， functions and indications of the prescription were analyzed and verified. A total of 211 ancient documents on Baizhusan were obtained， involving 116 ancient TCM books. It was found that there were many prescriptions named Baizhusan in ancient times， but the prescription named Baizhusan and composed of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma， Poria， Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma， Pogostemonis Herba， Aucklandiae Radix， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， and Puerariae Lobatae Radix was first seen in Key to Medicines and Patterns of Children's Diseases， and is now generally known as Qiweibaizhusan. The composition and functions of Baizhusan were unified in past dynasties， and its herb origin and processing were basically clear. However， there was a dispute on the processing of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， which was solved by recommended use of soil-fried Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and raw Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. Boasting the functions of tonifying spleen， replenishing Qi， harmonizing stomach and promoting fluid production， Baizhusan treated a variety of symptoms such as diarrhea， consumptive thirst and loss of appetite， which were consistent in ancient and modern literature， but attention should be attached to the basic pathogenesis of spleen deficiency and fluid inadequacy. In addition， considerable disagreements were also observed about the dosage and decocting method of Baizhusan in the documents， and the combination ratio of Baizhusan in another version of Key to Medicines and Patterns of Children's Diseases of Wuyingdian Zhenben was the dominant standard for drug use in past dynasties.

Suzi Jiangqitang is one of the classical formulas in the Catalogue of Ancient Classical Formulas （the second batch）—Han Medicine. The research method of philology was employed to systematically review the ancient documents and modern medical reports of Suzi Jiangqitang. The key information of this formula， including origin， composition， compatibility， original plants， processing method， dosage， preparation method， usage， and indications， was summarized to provide literature and data support for the development and clinical application of this formula. Suzi Jiangqitang is originally known as Zusuzi Tang， which is derived from Important Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergency. This formula is composed of Perillae Fructus， Pinelliae Rhizoma， Peucedani Radix， Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， Angelicae Sinensis Radix， Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium， Perillae Folium， Jujubae Fructus， Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens， and Cinnamomi Cortex. The original plants of other herbal medicines except Peucedani Radix follow those in the 2020 edition of Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. Raw materials of Angelicae Sinensis Radix， Peucedani Radix， Cinnamomi Cortex， Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium， Perillae Folium， and Jujubae Fructus are used in this formula. Perillae Fructus， Pinelliae Rhizoma， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， and Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex in this formula are stir-fried， processed with alumen， stir-fried， and processed with ginger， respectively， and the fresh material of Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens is used in this formula. The recommended formula is composed of 15 g Perillae Fructus， 15 g Pinelliae Rhizoma， 6 g Angelicae Sinensis Radix， 6 g Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， 6 g Peucedani Radix， 6 g Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex， 9 g Cinnamomi Cortex， and 9 g Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium. On the basis of the recommended dosage， other herbal medicines are crushed and mixed with five pieces of Perillae Folium， one jujube， and two ginger pieces. The mixture should be decocted in 450 mL water to reach a volume of 240 mL. After removal of the residue， the decoction should be taken warm with no time limitation. In ancient times， Suzi Jiangqitang was most commonly used to treat dermatophytosis， dyspnea with cough， red eyes， blood syndrome， globus hysteriocus， and headache. In modern times， it is commonly used for treating respiratory diseases， especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and dyspnea with cough. In addition， this formula is used to treat circulatory and digestive diseases， such as pulmonary heart disease， constipation， and vomiting. It is also used to treat globus hysteriocus and blood syndrome. Although the range of indications is wide， the diseases treated by Suzi Jiangqitang are generally caused by excess in the upper， deficiency in the lower， and failure of Qi to ascend or descend.

Guizhi Mahuang Geban Tang derived from ZHANG Zhongjing's Treatise on Cold Damage is included in the Catalogue of Ancient Classic formulas （the second batch） issued by the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine. By reviewing the ancient literature related to Guizhi Mahuang Geban Tang， this study analyzed the origin， medicinal composition， original plants and processing， dosage， decocting method， compatibility， effects， and indications of this formula. A total of 186 records of Guizhi Mahuang Geban Tang were obtained， involving 108 ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine. There are 6 synonyms of Guizhi Mahuang Geban Tang. This formula consists of Cinnamomi Ramulus， Paeoniae Radix Alba， Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， Ephedrae Herba， Jujubae Fructus， and Armeniacae Semen Amarum， the original plants and processing of which are clear. With consideration to the dosage in modern clinical practice， it is recommended that the formula should be composed of 7.67 g Cinnamomi Ramulus， 4.60 g Paeoniae Radix Alba， 4.60 g Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens， 4.60 g Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， 4.60 g Ephedrae Herba， 4.00 g Jujubae Fructus， and 2.60 g Armeniacae Semen Amarum. The decoction should be prepared by boiling Ephedrae Herba with 1 000 mL water for 15 min before the addition of other medicines， and the mixture was decocted to reach a volume of 360 mL， and 120 mL of the decoction should be taken warm once. Guizhi Mahuang Geban Tang is a combination of Guizhi Tang and Mahuang Tang， with the effects of dispersing wind cold and harmonizing nutrient-defense. The main diseases treated by this formula in the past dynasties have expanded compared with those in Treatise on Cold Damage. The traditional indications of this formula involve the diseases of greater Yang， reverting Yin， Yang brightness， and lesser Yin. In addition to common cold due to wind-cold， this formula can be used to treat headache， bitter mouth， dry throat， full abdomen， panting， heat invading blood chamber in women， skin itching， exanthema variolosum， syncope， and hardly perceivable pulse. In modern clinical practice， Guizhi Mahuang Geban Tang is used for treating pulmonary diseases such as upper respiratory tract infection， skin diseases （e.g.， urticaria， eczema， psoriasis， and neurodermatitis）， kidney failure， and diabetes complicated with pruritus.

ObjectiveTo analyze the current research status of the classical formulas in China and predict the future development trends， thus providing reference and suggestions for the scientific research and clinical application of classical formulas. MethodThe relevant publications were retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI） with the time interval from January 1， 2008 to August 1， 2023， and the publications were counted. CiteSpace 6.1.R6 was used for visual analysis of the authors， research institutions， and keywords. ResultA total of 847 valid publications were included in this study. The annual number of publications showed a rapid rise after 2018. The Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae was the main journal publishing the articles about ancient classical formulas in China. ZHAN Zhilai， BAI Jie， LU Tulin， FU Chaomei， and CHEN Renshou were active researchers in this field and had formed stable research teams. The China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and its affiliated institutions published the most articles and had close cooperation with other research institutions in China. The co-occurrence network and cluster map of keywords showed that textual research on materia medica， clinical application， quality standard， fingerprint， and mechanism of action were the core keywords. The top 3 bursts in this field were benchmark samples， quality evaluation， and origin. ConclusionThe current research on ancient classical formulas still has shortcomings such as lack of large-scale cooperation between teams and weak transformation of research achievements. At present， the research hotspots in this field mainly include textural research on key information， quality control and fingerprinting， and clinical application. The future research in this field mainly focus on benchmark samples of classical formula preparations， quality evaluation of medicinal materials， pharmacodynamic material basis， and mechanisms of classical formulas.