The key to tip over the cap of bottle spigot successfully is that if the claw can enter into the rubber spigot.The manipulator ensure axle of brace claw and claw of tipping over to enter into the rubber spigot through the way of taper correction cap and enlarge the bore of rubber spigot cap.

OBJECTIVE:To find out the situation of the use of antimicrobials in perioperative patients and to evaluate the rationality of use.METHODS: To make a survey of the use of antimicrobials in 230 surgical patients during the period Dec. 2002 - Apr. 2004, and to evaluate the kinds, frequency, cost - effectiveness ratios, combined administration, course, effectiveness and drug adverse react ions. RESULTS: 100 percent patients had received antimicrobials involving 32 kinds of drug and 8 595 case - time.The cost of consumption of antimicrobials per case was 1 183.5 yuans.The average therapeutic course was 21.89 days.The operation incisions healed by first intention in 230 cases.The cost ratios of total drugs and antimicrobials was 1 : 0.41 .CONCLUSION:The supervision of using antimicrobials in perioperative period must be reinforced.

Objective: To study the pharmacokinetic progress of diclofenac sodium microemulsions in rabbits. Methods: Diclofenac sodium microemulsion and diclofenac sodium suspension were single orally given to rabbits. Diclofenac sodium concentrations in plasma were measured by HPLC method. Results: AUC 0 ∞ , c max1 and t max1 were 13.456 ?g?h?ml -1 , 2.852 ?g/ml and 1.438 h after po diclofenac sodium microemulsion and 10.584 ?g?h?ml -1 , 3.145 ?g/ml and 0.750 h after po diclofenac sodium suspension. Conclusion: The absorption of diclofenac sodium microemulsions in rabbits is slower and can keep a higher concentration in plasma for a long time compared with those of the suspension. [

OBJECTIVE:To promote the sound development of clinical pharmacy in China METHODS:To study the gap between clinical pharmacy and clinical medicine and to compare the difference between clinical pharmacy in China and that in developed countries RESULTS & CONCLUSION:Only when circules of clinical pharmacy face up to the current situation and learn the experience from clinical medicine and clinical pharmacy in developed countries can the research strategy develops soundly

OBJECTIVE:To describe the clinical pharmacists'way in carrying out pharmaceutical care for cancer pa?tients.METHODS:Combined with the clinical experience in department of oncology,the way of pharmaceutical care was analysed in depth.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:Clinical pharmacists should guide the nurses,lay down nursing plan with nurses and regularly sort out the nursing record so that the existing problems may be discovered and solved.

Objective To investigate the dynamic changes and the clinical significance of T-cell subsets and serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R)in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia.Methods Thirty-one neonates with hyperbilirubinemia, admitted to the hospital from Decembr 1,2006 to January 31, 2007, were enrolled and divided into two subgroups: severe jaundice group and mild jaundice group according to the bilirubin level. Thirty-two age-mached healty newborns were as controls(control group Ⅰ). The T-cell subsets and sIL-2R of peripheral venous blood samples from these neonates were measured and compared. Sixteen of these 31 neonates with hyperbilirubinemiawere followed up and another twenty-six age-mached healty newborns were as controls(control group Ⅱ ). The level of serum bilirubin in convalescence of sixteen hyperbilirubinemia neonates and control group Ⅱ were tested and analyzed also. Results The levels of CD3, CD4, CD4/CD8 in the neonates with hyperbilirubinemia were lower compared with those of control group Ⅰ [(54.0±5.1)% vs (62.0±4.7)%, (26.8±5.0)% vs (43.0±4.7)%, 0.8±0.1 vs 1.4±0.2] (P＜0.01), but was higher in convalescence than in peak phase[ (62.4±3.3)% vs (55.1±4.2)%, (43.6±2.5)% vs (26.1±4.4)%, 1.4 ± 0.1 vs 0.8±0.1] (P＜0.01). The peak level of sIL-2R in the hyperbilirubinemia group was (319.4± 185.2) kU/L, higher than that in the convalescence [(129.7±99.3) kU/L] and in the control group Ⅱ [(171.9±102.2) kU/L] (P＜0.01). The serum bilirubin level showed negative correlation with CD4/CD8 ( r = -0.99, P ＜ 0.01 ) and positive correlation with sIL-2R (r=0.95, P＜0.05). The sIL-2R level was negatively correlated with CD4/CD8 (r=-0.92, P＜0.05). Conclusions Neonates, when suffering from hyperbilirubinemia, are immunosuppressed which may recover with the alleviation of jaundice.

OBJECTIVE:To compare the in vitro dissolubility of four kinds of commercial chlorphenamine maleate tablets. METHODS: To determine the dissolubility of four kinds of domestic commercial chlorphenamine meleate tablets by paddle method and to analyse the dissolution parameters, T50, Td, m, by variance analysis method. RESULTS: The dissolution parame- ters of the different tablets were T50(30. 3 197, 17. 3 695, 20. 1038, l4. 3 651), Td(34. 6 088, 26. 7 162, 28. 0 514, 22. 1 593)and m (2. 7 676, 0. 8 505, 1. 0 992, 0. 8 448). CONCLUSION: The statistical results indicated that there were significant differences between them(P

OBJECTIVE:To prepare a compound gel composed of chlorphenamine(CH) and ephedrine hydrochloride(EP) METHODS:The gel was prepared by taking carbomer 940 as emulgator,trolamine as pH adjuster and propylene glycol as preservative The contents of CH and EP in gel were determined with the first order derivative spectroanalysis and dual-wave_length spectrophotometry RESULTS:The prepared gel exhibited fine consistency and moderate viscosity The content of CH was 101 0% with an average recovery of 100 4%,RSD 0 99% and the content of EP was 100 4% with an average recovery of 101 3%,RSD 1 7% CONCLUSION:This preparation is stable and non-irritative It is a newly developed preparation for tre_ating allergic rhinitis

OBJECTIVE:To evaluation of the efficacy and safety of azithromycin in the treatment of acute infections METHODS:A randomized controlled multicenter clinical study was used to compare the clinical efficacy of azithromycin(200mg q d for 3～5 days) with erythromycin(500mg b i d for 5 days) RESULTS:The cure rate,effective rate,and bacterial clearance rate were 76 7%,95 0%,and 94 3% respectively for azithromycin group and were 48 3%,76 7%,and 77 4% respectively for erythromycin group with a side-effect incidence of 10 0% for azithromycin group and 39 3% for erythromycin group CONCLUSION:Azithromycin is superior to erythromycin in clinical efficacy,safety and side-effect incidence

OBJECTIVE:To prepare ofloxacin hollow suppository(OHS) and to observe its in vitro dissolubility.METHODS:OHS was prepared with PEG 6000,PEG 400 and Carbopol-940 as wase material and wax as retardant.The content of ofloxacin in OHS was determined with the first order derivative UV-spectrophotometry.RESULTS:The wax,as a retardant,could retard the release of drug.The in vitro dissolution of OHS revealed the first order dissolution pattern:K0～1=27.81/h,indicating a speedy effect,K2～6=5.94/h,indicating sustained-release effect.CONCLUSION:This preparation is feasible in technology and controllabe in quality.The preparation of OHS extends the kinds of dose-form of ofloxacin