Meta-analysis and integrative bioinformatics were employed to comprehensively study the efficacy, safety, and mechanism of Huangkui Capsules in treating chronic kidney disease(CKD). CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMbase, and Web of Science were searched for randomized controlled trial(RCT) of Huangkui Capsules for CKD from inception to January 3, 2023. The outcome indicators included urine protein, serum creatinine(Scr), and blood urea nitrogen(BUN) levels, and Cochrane Handbook 5.1 and RevMan 5.3 were employed to perform the Meta-analysis of the included RCT. The active ingredients of Huangkui Capsules were retrieved from CNKI, and the targets of CKD from GeneCards, OMIM, and TTD. Cytoscape 3.8.0 was used to build a "component-disease" network and a protein-protein interaction(PPI) network for the screening of core components and targets. Next, a differential analysis of the core targets of Huangkui Capsules for treating CKD was conducted with the clinical samples from GEO to identify the differentially expressed core targets, and correlation analysis and immune cell infiltration analysis were then performed for these targets. A total of 13 RCTs were included for the Meta-analysis, involving 2 372 patients(1 185 in the observation group and 1 187 in the control group). Meta-analysis showed that the Huangkui Capsules group and the losartan potassium group had no significant differences in reducing the urinary protein levels after 12(MD=19.60, 95%CI[-58.66, 97.86], P=0.62) and 24 weeks(MD=-66.00, 95%CI[-264.10, 132.11], P=0.51) of treatment. Huangkui Capsules in combination with conventional treatment was superior to conventional treatment alone(MD=-0.55, 95%CI[-0.86,-0.23], P=0.000 6). Huangkui Capsules combined with conventional treatment was superior to conventional treatment alone in recovering Scr(MD=-9.21, 95%CI[-15.85,-2.58], P=0.006) and BUN(MD=-1.02, 95%CI[-1.83,-0.21], P=0.01). Five patients showed clear adverse reactions, with abdominal or gastrointestinal discomfort. Huangkui Capsules had 43 active ingredients and 393 targets, and the core ingredients were myricetin, quercetin, gossypin, elaidic acid, dihydromyricetin, isochlorogenic acid B, and caffeic acid. CKD and Huangkui Capsules shared 247 common targets, including 25 core targets. The GEO differential analysis predicted 18 differentially expressed core targets, which were mainly positively correlated with immune cell expression and involved in immune inflammation, oxidative stress, pyroptosis, lipid metabolism, sex hormone metabolism, and cell repair. Conclusively, Huangkui Capsules combined with conventional treatment significantly reduced urine protein, Scr, and BUN. Huangkui Capsules alone and losartan potassium had no significant difference in reducing urine protein. This efficacy of Huangkui Capsules may be associated with the multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway responses to immune inflammation and oxidative stress. The included RCT had small sample sizes and general quality. More clinical trial protocols with large sample sizes and rigorous design and in line with international norms are needed to improve the evidence quality, and the results of bioinformatics analysis remain to be confirmed by further studies.
Humans ; Losartan ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/drug therapy* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/adverse effects* ; Capsules ; Inflammation/drug therapy*

Aggressive treatment of hypertension has been proved to reduce morbidity and mortality. Data from recent clinical trials indicate that, for all stages of hypertension, the target BP should be a maximum BP <140/90 mmHg, with diastolic BP values as low as 70 mmHg. For patients with diabetes mellitus or chronic renal disease, this target value should be even lower, <130/80 mmHg. As significant morbidity and mortality attributable to hypertension occur in patients who are not diagnosed as having hypertension but whose blood pressure is in prehypertension range, 120~139/80~89 mmHg, lowering BP levels in this group is recommended as well, with lifestyle modification or drug therapy for some indicated patients being first-line therapy. Because controlling BP to <140/90 mmHg often requires use of two or more agents, selection of drugs for combination therapy should be based not only on antihypertensive efficacy, but also on compelling indications and tolerability of the regimens. This review presents the latest findings on the antihypertensive therapy and emphasizes the importance of decreasing BP per the JNC-7 guidelines.
Blood Pressure ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Drug Therapy* ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Life Style ; Mortality ; Prehypertension ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic

No abstract available.
*Drug-Eluting Stents ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Myocardial Infarction/*etiology/*therapy ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/*complications

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; drug therapy

INTRODUCTIONChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem where majority of patients are managed in the primary care. The major risk factors are advanced age, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and risk factors control is paramount to prevent progression to CKD. The objective of the study is to describe the epidemiology and quality of care of patients with CKD stages 3 to 5 at National Healthcare Group Polyclinics (NHGP).

MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study was carried out using data from National Healthcare Group (NHG) Renal Registry. Patients were included if they were identified to have CKD based on ICD-9-CM codes and laboratory results.

RESULTSOverall, the number of CKD patients increased more than 2 fold from 4734 in 2007 to 10,245 in 2011. In 2011, the majority belonged to stages 3A (39.6%) and 3B (37.6%), had hypertension (98.2%), dyslipidemia (97.2%) and diabetes mellitus (68.7%). From 2007 to 2011, among those with hypertension, the use of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and/ or angiotensin receptor blockers increased from 78.4% to 84.1%, and the percentage with good systolic blood pressure control (<130 mmHg) improved from 18.7% to 36.3%. Among those with dyslipidemia, the use of statins increased from 81% to 87.1%, and the percentage of patients with low density lipoproteins (LDL) <2.6 mmol/L increased from 40% to 54.7%. However, among those with diabetes mellitus, mean glycated haemoglobin (HBA1c) increased from 7.4% to 7.6%, and the percentage of patients with HBA1c ≤7.0% decreased from 44.5% to 39.4%.

CONCLUSIONThe number of CKD patients in NHGP has increased significantly from 2007 to 2011 at an average annual rate of 21.3%. Majority of patients the study conducted in 2011 were in stage 3A and stage 3B. Blood pressure and LDL control are encouraging but glycaemic control can be further improved.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a clinical syndrome with a series of clinical manifestations and metabolic disorders caused by many diseases, which are characterized by progressive deterioration or irreversible damage of renal structures and functions. With the progress of epidemiological research, CKD has brought about huge economic and psychological burdens. There is a considerable risk of cardiovascular events or death than progression to end-stage renal disease for patients. Particular attentions should be paid to the new goals of reducing cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. It is important to analyze the etiology and pathogenesis according to patients' ages, regions, primary disease as well as different stages of disease, and choose the appropriate therapeutic strategies accordingly. In clinical practice, due to the uncertainty of therapeutic effects of modern medicine based on the risk factors, it is necessary to use Chinese medicine (CM) to delay the disease progression and reduce comorbidities. Turbid toxin and blood stasis are two critical pathological factors worthy of concerns in the theory of CM. In addition, appropriate use of CM may help improve the quality of life of patients with CKD.
Hemostasis ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; blood ; drug therapy ; etiology ; prevention & control

Acute kidney injury (AKI), characterized by acute renal dysfunction, is an increasingly common clinical problem and an important risk factor in the subsequent development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Regardless of the initial insults, the progression of CKD after AKI involves multiple types of cells, including renal resident cells and immune cells such as macrophages. Recently, the involvements of macrophages in AKI-to-CKD transition have garnered significant attention. Furthermore, substantial progress has also been made in elucidating the pathophysiological functions of macrophages from the acute kidney to repair or fibrosis. In this review, we highlight current knowledge regarding the roles and mechanisms of macrophage activation and phenotypic polarization, and transdifferentiation in the development of AKI-to-CKD transition. In addition, the potential of macrophage-based therapy for preventing AKI-to-CKD transition is also discussed.
Acute Kidney Injury/drug therapy* ; Disease Progression ; Humans ; Kidney ; Macrophages ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic

Trimethylamine N-oxide(TMAO), a metabolite of gut microbiota, is closely associated with chronic kidney disease(CKD). It can aggravate the kidney injury and promote the occurrence of complications of CKD mainly by inducing renal fibroblast activation, vascular endothelial inflammation, macrophage foaming, platelet hyperreactivity, and inhibition of reverse cholesterol transport. Thus it is of great significance for clinical treatment of CKD to regulate circulating TMAO and alleviate its induced body damage. Currently, therapeutic strategies for TMAO regulation include dietary structure adjustment, lifestyle intervention, intestinal microflora regulation, and inhibition of intestinal trimethylamine synthesis and liver trimethylamine oxidation. Chinese medicinal herbs have the clinical advantage of multi-component and multi-target effects, and application of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) to synergistically regulating TMAO and improving CKD via multiple pathways has broad prospects. This study systematically reviewed the clinical relevance and mechanism of TMAO in aggravating CKD renal function deterioration and complication progression. In addition, the effect and mechanism of TCM in improving TMAO-induced kidney injury, cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, thrombosis and osteoporosis were summarized. The results provided a theoretical basis for TCM in attenuating gut microbiota-derived metabolite TMAO and improving CKD, as well as a basis and direction for in-depth clinical development and mechanism research in the future.
Humans ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/drug therapy*

This research aimed to study the effect of Uremic Clearance Granules on chronic kidney disease in SD rats by using the methods of microbial functional genomics combined with metabolomics, and to preliminarily explore its mechanism. The SD rat model of chronic kidney disease was established by the adenine-induced method. After the model was successfully induced, the animals were randomly divided into a negative control group, a Uremic Clearance Granule treatment group, and a normal control group, with 8 rats in each group. After 4 weeks of administration, animal feces and serum were collected, and 16S rDNA sequencing technology was used to analyze the abundance, diversity, and function prediction of intestinal microorganisms. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS) technology was used to perform high-throughput sequencing to detect animal serum metabolites. The MetPA database was used to screen out potential biomarkers of chronic kidney disease in rats and conduct the enrichment analysis of metabolic pathways. Spearman's method was used to analyze the correlation between the two omics. The results showed that Uremic Clearance Granules effectively improved the body weight loss and renal function-related biochemical and appearance indicators in rats with chronic kidney disease. The results of 16S rDNA sequencing showed that Uremic Clearance Granules regulated the diversity and composition of the intestinal flora in rats with chronic kidney disease. The changes in the intestinal flora affected functional metabolic pathways such as amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism, lipid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. The results of LC-MS showed that as compared with the negative control group, 15 metabolites were reversed in the Uremic Clearance Granule treatment group, among which 11 potential marker metabolites were significantly up-regulated and 4 potential marker metabolites were significantly down-regulated. Five amino acid metabolic pathways were mainly involved, which were significantly correlated with changes in the intestinal flora. Therefore, Uremic Clearance Granules can improve the renal function of rats with chronic kidney disease, and the mechanism may be related to its effect on the amino acid metabolism pathway by regulating the intestinal flora.
Rats ; Animals ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/drug therapy* ; Metabolomics/methods* ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Amino Acids

Humans ; Blood Pressure/physiology* ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Hypertension/drug therapy* ; Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use*