2 years),seizure frequency(≥1 time/month),persistence time(≥60 s),gene-ralized seizure were all associated with the incidence of the loss of neuron in ammonias.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the independent influencital factors for the loss of neuron in ammonias in children with temporal epilepsy included seizure frequency,persis-tence time and tape of seizure. Conclusions The loss of neuron in ammonias though 1H-MRS can be detected.The results of multivariate analysis verify that the development of the loss of neuron in ammonias may be associated with many factors including age of onset,course of di-sease,seizure frequency,persistence time and generalized seizure.In order to lower the incidence of the loss of neuron,early intervening treatment is very important.

Cold Temperature ; Dinoprost ; analogs & derivatives ; urine ; Dust ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; urine ; Thromboxane B2 ; analogs & derivatives ; urine ; Weather

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of rosuvastatin on atherosclerosis in apoE-knockout (apoE-/-) mice.

METHODSEighteen 6-week-old apoE-/- mice fed with high fat diet were used as atherosclerosis models, twelve 6-week-old C57BL/6 mice fed with normal diet were used as control. After twelve weeks, six apoE-/- mice were used to observe the formation of atherosclerosis. Another 12 apoE-/- mice were divided into placebo treated group (n = 6) and rosuvastatin group (n = 6, 10 mg×kg(-1)×d(-1) per gavage) and treated for 12 weeks. Then, blood was collected for measuring lipid, aorta was prepared for morphologic study (HE, Oil red O, Masson) and immunohistochemical analysis (α-smooth active protein, transforming growth factor β(1), macrophage surface molecule-3).

RESULTSSerum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein levels were significantly higher in apoE-/- mice fed with high fat diet than in C57/BL6 mice(all P < 0.01)while triglyceride level was similar between the two groups, these were not affected by rosuvastatin. Similarly, atherosclerotic lesion area in apoE-/- mice fed with high fat diet was also not significantly reduced by rosuvastatin, while lipid deposition could be significantly reduced and collagen deposition could be significantly increased in the aortic atherosclerotic lesions by treatment with rosuvastatin. Upregulated TGF-β(1) and Mac-3 expression in the aortic atherosclerotic lesions in apoE-/- mice fed with high fat diet could also be significantly reduced by rosuvastatin (all P < 0.01), suggesting reduce inflammatory responses in the atherosclerotic lesion and stable atherosclerotic plaque post rosuvastatin treatment.

CONCLUSIONReducing inflammatory responses and stabilizing plaque properties might contribute to the anti-atherosclerosis effects of rosuvastatin in mice high fat diet fed apoE-/- mice.

Animals ; Antigens, Differentiation ; metabolism ; Apolipoproteins E ; genetics ; Atherosclerosis ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; Diet, High-Fat ; Fluorobenzenes ; pharmacology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic ; pathology ; Pyrimidines ; pharmacology ; Rosuvastatin Calcium ; Sulfonamides ; pharmacology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of airway inflammation and recurrent wheezing induced by recurrent respiratory virus infection after respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection.

METHODSSixty-four female BALB/c mice (aged 6-8 weeks) were randomly divided into four groups: control, RSV, Poly(I:C), and RSV+Poly(I:C) (n=16 each). The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected on the 3rd day after Poly(I:C) administration, and the total cell number and differential counts in BALF were determined. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe pulmonary pathological changes. The airway responsiveness was detected. ELISA was used to measure the levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-13 (IL-13), matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in BALF.

RESULTSCompared with the other three groups, the RSV+Poly(I:C) group had significant increases in the total number of inflammatory infiltrating cells in the airway, airway responsiveness, and MMP-9 level in BALF (P<0.05). The RSV+Poly(I:C) group showed more severe pulmonary tissue injuries compared with the control and RSV groups (P<0.01). Compared with the RSV group, the RSV+Poly(I:C) group showed significant reductions in the levels of IL-4 and TIMP-1 in BALF (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONSViral re-infection in the late stage of RSV infection may cause an imbalance of MMP-9/TIMP-1 expression and thus contribute to aggravated airway inflammation.

Animals ; Asthma ; etiology ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ; chemistry ; Female ; Lung ; pathology ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 ; analysis ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Poly I-C ; pharmacology ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections ; complications ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 ; analysis

This study was aimed to explore whether the conditioned culture medium of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSC) has supportive effects on hematopoiesis in vitro. hUC-MSC were cultured in 75 cm(2) culture flasks at a concentration of 2×10(6) cells per flask. After 48 h, the conditioned culture medium was harvested. CD34(+) cells were isolated with the human cord blood CD34 positive selection kit. The CD34(+) cells were plated in three different culture systems: the culture supernatant from hUC-MSC added into incomplete methylcellulose without recombinant human cytokines as conditioned culture medium; the complete methylcellulose medium with recombinant human cytokines as positive control medium; incomplete methylcellulose adding DMEM/F12 with 10% FBS instead of conditioned culture medium as the negative control medium. After 14 days of culture, colonies containing ≥ 50 cells were scored and types of colonies were classified under inverted microscope. The immunophenotypes of cells which were collected from the colonies were detected by flow cytometry. The results showed that conditioned culture medium of hUC-MSC supported the differentiation of CD34(+) cells into CFU-G (47.67 ± 0.58), CFU-GM (48.67 ± 4.73) and CFU-M (3.00 ± 2.00) in vitro, while the CFU-E, BFU-E or CFU-GEMM were absent. Comparatively, in the positive control medium all kinds of CFU were observed. Interestingly, the percentage of CD45(+)cells of CFU in conditioned culture medium (97.43 ± 2.15)% was more than CD45(+)cells in positive control medium (39.69 ± 0.96)% (P < 0.05). It is concluded that the conditioned culture medium of hUC-MSC has been confirmed to have ability to support hematopoiesis separately in vitro. Besides, it enhances the differentiation of CD34(+) cells into myeloid cells except cells of erythroid lineage.
Antigens, CD34 ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; Fetal Blood ; cytology ; Hematopoiesis ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; Umbilical Cord ; cytology

OBJECTIVETo study the HIV incidence and risk factors among sero-negative spouses of HIV patients in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province.

METHODSA cohort of sero-negative spouses of the HIV patients had been developed and followed up since November, 2005. HIV new infections and related behaviors had been investigated every six months.

RESULTSBy the end of June, 2008, 790 sero-negative spouses of HIV patients had been recruited, of whom 702 were followed-up for at least one time. During the total 1202.35 person-years, 31 new HIV infections were identified, with an overall incidence of 2.58/100 person-years. The HIV incidence rates were 2.22/100 person-years in 2006, 2.95/100 person-years in 2007 and 2.74/100 person-years in 2008. Data from the Cox proportional hazard regression model indicated that those who resided in Yingjiang county [hazard ratio (HR) = 4.37, 95%CI: 1.48 - 12.90, P = 0.008], ever using drugs (HR = 3.49, 95%CI: 1.09 - 11.18, P = 0.035), or having an HIV-infected spouse who never exposed to antiretroviral treatment (HR = 3.60, 95%CI: 1.41 - 9.16, P = 0.007) were at higher risk for HIV infection.

CONCLUSIONSero-negative spouses of HIV patients in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province had a relatively high incidence of HIV new infection during 2006-2008. More efforts should put on those people living in these areas, having a history of drug use or having an HIV-infected spouse who had never been exposed to antiretroviral treatment.

Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; HIV Infections ; epidemiology ; HIV Seronegativity ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Sexual Behavior ; Spouses ; Young Adult

Objective To study the HIV incidence and risk factors among sero-negative spouses of HIV patients in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province. Methods A cohort of sero-negative spouses of the HIV patients had been developed and followed up since November, 2005.HIV new infections and related behaviors had been investigated every six months. Results By the end of June, 2008, 790 sero-negative spouses of HIV patients had been recruited, of whom 702 were followed-up for at least one time. During the total 1202.35 person-years, 31 new HIV infections were identified, with an overall incidence of 2.58/100 preson-years. The HIV incidence rates were 2.22/100person-years in 2006, 2.95/100 person-years in 2007 and 2.74/100 person-years in 2008. Data from the Cox proportional hazard regression model indicated that those who resided in Yingjiang county [hazard ratio (HR) =4.37, 95% CI: 1.48-12.90, P=0.008] , ever using drugs (HR=3.49, 95% CI:1.09-11.18, P=0.035) , or having an HIV-infected spouse who never exposed to antiretroviraltreatment (HR=3.60, 95% CI: 1.41-9.16, P=0.007) were at higher risk for HIV infection.Conclusion Sero-negative spouses of HIV patients in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province had a relatively high incidence of HIV new infection during 2006-2008. More efforts should put on those people living in these areas, having a history of drug use or having an HIV-infected spouse who had never been exposed to antiretroviral treatment.

PURPOSE: Plasma cells and immunoglobulins (Igs) play a pivotal role in the induction and maintenance of chronic inflammation in nasal polyps. During secondary immune responses, plasma cell survival and Ig production are regulated by the local environment. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the presence of long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) and specific survival niches for LLPCs in human nasal polyps.METHODS: Nasal mucosal samples were cultured with an air-liquid interface system and the Ig levels in culture supernatants were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The characteristics of LLPCs in nasal polyps were determined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The expression of neurotrophins as well as their receptors was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting.RESULTS: The numbers of CD138⁺ total plasma cells and BCL2⁺ plasma cells were increased in both eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic nasal polyps compared with those in normal tissues. The production of IgG, IgA, and IgE was detected in culture supernatants even after a 32-day culture of nasal polyps. Although the total numbers of plasma cells were decreased in nasal polyps after culture, the numbers of BCL2⁺ plasma cells remained stable. The expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) as well as tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) A, a high-affinity receptor for NGF, was upregulated in both eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic nasal polyps. In addition, BCL2⁺ plasma cell numbers were positively correlated with NGF and TrkA mRNA expression in nasal mucosal tissues. Polyp plasma cells had the expression of TrkA.CONCLUSIONS: Human nasal polyps harbor a population of LLPCs and NGF may be involved in their prolonged survival. LLPCs may be a novel therapeutic target for suppressing the local Ig production in nasal polyps.
Blotting, Western ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Eosinophils ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulins ; Immunohistochemistry ; Inflammation ; Mucous Membrane ; Nasal Polyps ; Nerve Growth Factor ; Nerve Growth Factors ; Phosphotransferases ; Plasma Cells ; Plasma ; Polyps ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; Tropomyosin

Objective: Schizophrenia is a complex and devastating psychiatric disorder with a strong genetic background. However, much uncertainty still exists about the role of genetic susceptibility in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. TEA domain transcription factor 1 (TEAD1) is a transcription factor associated with neurodevelopment and has modulating effects on various nervous system diseases. In the current study, we performed a case–control association study in a Northeast Chinese Han population to explore the characteristics of pathogenic TEAD1 polymorphisms and potential association with schizophrenia. Methods: We recruited a total of 721 schizophrenia patients and 1,195 healthy controls in this study. The 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene region of TEAD1 were selected and genotyped. Results: The genetic association analyses showed that five SNPs (rs12289262, rs6485989, rs4415740, rs7113256, and rs1866709) were significantly different between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls in allele or/and genotype frequencies. After Bonferroni correction, the association of three SNPs (rs4415740, rs7113256, and rs1866709) with schizophrenia were still evident. Haplotype analysis revealed that two strong linkage disequilibrium blocks (rs6485989-rs4415740-rs7113256 and rs16911710-rs12364619-rs1866709) were globally associated with schizophrenia. Four haplotypes (C-C-C and T-T-T, rs6485989-rs4415740-rs7113256; G-T-A and G-T-G, rs16911710-rs12364619-rs1866709) were significantly different between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Conclusion The current findings indicated that the human TEAD1 gene has a genetic association with schizophrenia in the Chinese Han population and may act as a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: To study the detection rate, epidemic pattern, and clinical features of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI). METHODS: Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children with ALRI, aged < 2 years, who were hospitalized in Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from June 2013 to May 2018. Multiplex PCR was used to detect 16 common respiratory viruses. The epidemiological characteristics of RSV were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 2 066 hospitalized children with ALRI were enrolled. Among the children, 1 595 (77.20%) tested positive for virus and 826 (39.98%) tested positive for RSV [410(49.6%) positive for RSV-A, 414 (50.1%) positive for RSV-B, and 2 (0.2%) positive for both RSV-A and RSV-B]. RSV-B was the main subtype detected in 2013-2014 and 2016-2017, while RSV-A was the main subtype in 2014-2015 and 2017-2018, and these two subtypes were prevalent in 2015-2016. The highest detection rate of RSV was noted in winter. RSV + human rhinovirus was the most common combination of viruses and was detected in 123 children. These children were more likely to develop wheezing than those with single RSV detected ( CONCLUSIONS In Chongqing in 2013-2018, RSV-A and RSV-B not only can predominate alternately, but also can co-circulate during a season. RSV is the major viral pathogen of hospitalized children with ALRI and can cause severe lower respiratory tract infection. There are no differences in clinical manifestations between children with RSV-A infection and those with RSV-B infection, but boys are more susceptible to RSV-A infection.
Child ; Child, Hospitalized ; Child, Preschool ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology* ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human ; Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology*