Objective To examine the curative effect of EEG biofeedback therapy on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),and to investigate the neural mechanism underlying the executive function in children with ADHD.Methods 42 children with ADHD participated a Go/Nogo task before and after the EEG biofeedback therapy which was consisted of 20 times of treatments.The curative effect was evaluated using the behavioral and electrophysiological indexes associated with the Go/Nogo processing in the experiment.Results Commission error significantly decreased after the therapy ( (2.95 ±2.22 ) vs (4.65 ±4.47),P＜0.05 ).Latencies of P2 ( (210.00 ± 27.54) ms vs ( 228.27 ± 34.17 ) ms) and N2 components ( ( 310.59 ± 45.82) ms vs (328.00 ± 42.27)ms) elicited by Go trials significantly exhibited shorter at the end of therapy.Additionally,the amplitude of N2 component elicited by Nogo trials exhibited significantly decreased after therapy ((0.23 ±3.79)μV vs (-1.84 ± 4.23 ) μV,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The EEG biofeedback therapy is effective in debasing the hyperactivity/impulsive behaviors and improving the ability of target detection,which may be beneficial to the attention ability and conflict detecting in children with ADHD.EEG biofeedback is an effective treatment to ADHD.

Objective:To optimize the macroporous resin separation process for total flavonoids in papaya. Methods:The content of total flavonoids in papaya was selected as the index, and the resin model, sample solution concentration, ratio of diameter and height, the flow rate of adsorption, type and volume of eluent, type and volume of impurity removing solvent, elution velocity and the other parameters were investigated. Results:The optimal purification process was as follows: the macroporous resin type was D-140, the sample solution concentration was 0. 1 g·ml-1 , the sample volume was 2BV, the ratio of diameter and height was 1∶9, washing the impurities with 3BV water, eluting with 3BV 10% ethanol first followed by 3BV 50% ethanol with 2BV·h-1 , and collecting 50%ethanol elution. The total flavonoids content was 52%. Conclusion:The optimized process can separate and purify the total flavonoids in papaya effectively.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the characteristics of the sublingual venae in patients with primary liver cancer (PLC). METHODS: The shape, color and the red, green and blue values of the sublingual venae were analyzed quantitatively for PLC patients in different clinical stages by analysis system for comprehensive information of tongue diagnosis. RESULTS: With the aggravating of the disease, the patients' sublingual venae became wide and tortuous, and their color became blue and purple. The abnormality of the sublingual venae was more serious in clinical stage III than in stages I and II (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The shape, color and abnormality degree of the sublingual venae in patients with PLC in different clinical stages are distinct.

AIM: To study the mostly pharmacological effects of Kangjun Xiaoyan Tablets (Flos Lonicerae, Radix Stemonae, Radix et Rhizonia Rhei, etc.) METHODS: The pharmacological functions of KJXYT were observed by measuring its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and immune etc. RESULTS: KJXYT had remarkably protected the mice from the infection with streptococcus pneumococcus and staphylococcus aureus; had dramatic anti-inflammatory effect on the inhibited feet edema of rat induced by egg white and the ear edema of mice induced by dimethylbenzene; and had obvious effect on fever of rats caused by dried yeast; besides, and strengthened the phagocytosis of mice’s reticuloendothelial system. CONCLUSION:KJXYT serves the function of antibiosis, anti-inflammation, antipyresis and immunpotentiation. enedth

Objective To investigate the curative effect of biofeedback treatment on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) patients using integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test ( IVA-CPT).Methods 23 ADHD patients undertaked 20 times of EEG biofeedback treatment using VBFB-3000A facility.Their executive and attention quotients were measured before and after treatment by IVA-CPT.Results The pre-therapy full scale of response control and attention quotients of ADHD were 58.26 ± 32.9 and 54.43 ±34.01 respectively.After the therapy, all the quotients got improved (response control 99.3 ± 12.6, attention 84.1 ± 15.9 ) except for stamina and speed quotients both in visual and in auditory.Conclusion Shortterm EEG biofeedback treatment is one of effective methods for ADHD patients,especially for hyperactive cases.

Objective The present study aimed to trace the behavior results and event-related potential (ERP) of conflict monitoring from 7 ～ 12 years old to explore the development features of the conflict monitoring.Methods In six groups of 144 children aged from 7 to 12,behavior and non-target N2 amplitude were analyzed in continuous performance test (CPT) task. Results 1. Behavior results:the reaction time of target stimulus decreased ( ( 533.33 ± 66.65 ) ms, (523.91 ± 92.96 ) ms, (468.37 ± 64. 13 ) ms, ( 46 1.48 ± 98.31 ) ms, (457.57 ±84.05 ) ms, (405.02 ± 67.90) ms) and the hitting number increased ( ( 34.87 ± 4.84 ), ( 37.64 ± 3.54 ), ( 37.95± 2.92 ), (38.67 ± 1.23 ), (39.31 ± 1.08 ), ( 39.45 ± 1.00 ) ) as age increased, and the difference was statistically significant ( P＜0.01 ). 2. ERP: ①The non-target N2 amplitude was significantly higher than the target,and the difference was statistically significant (F= 98.57, P＜ 0.01 ). ②The amplitude of non-target N2 amplitude decreased with age, and the difference was statistically significant (F= 5.54, P＜ 0. 01 ). Conclusion The non-target N2 was closely related to the monitoring conflict, and the behavior and ERP results in this study showed the development trend. 8 ～ l0 and 12 years old are the critical development period of information processing speed, attention and conflict monitoring function for children.

Objective To investigate the intelligence structure and attention properties,and to explore the relationship between them in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder of the predominantly inattention type (ADHD-Ⅰ),predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type (ADHD-HI) and combined type (ADHD-C).Methods Children with ADHD-Ⅰ (n=24),ADHD-HI(n=12) and ADHD-C (n=54) aged between 7-10 years were tested with Chinese Revised Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (C-WISC) and integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test (IVA-CPT).Comparisons of cognitive profiles of C-WISC scores between subtypes of ADHD were performed.Additionally,the relationship between attention/response control quotients and cognitive profiles was investigated.Results (1) Intelligence structure:verbal intelligence (VIQ) of ADHD-HI (110.08± 10.64) was higher than that of ADHD-C (101.13± 13.20) and ADHD-Ⅰ (94.71± 11.11).Full scale intelligence quotient (FIQ) of ADHD-HI (104.33±9.63) was higher than that of ADHD-Ⅰ (94.38± 10.48).Factor A of ADHD-HI (45.75±7.14) and ADHD-C (41.41±8.57) were higher than that of ADHD-Ⅰ (36.67±6.72).Factor C of ADHD-HI (33.42±5.42) was higher than that of ADHD-C (29.24±5.26) and ADHD-Ⅰ (29.13±5.39).(2) Attention properties:Full scale attention quotient of ADHD-C (90.26± 11.67) was lower than that of ADHD-Ⅰ (98.17 ± 18.03) and ADHD-HI (99.25± 15.58).Auditory attention quotient of ADHD-C (89.94± 14.16) was lower than that of ADHD-Ⅰ (99.00± 18.66).(3) Relationship between intelligence and attention:the Pearson correlations of the auditory attention quotient and auditory control quotient with the PIQ were 0.24 and 0.29 respectively.The correlations of the visual attention quotient with the PIQ and FIQ were 0.21 and 0.25 respectively.The correlations of the full scale attention quotient with PIQ and FIQ were 0.27 and 0.24 respectively.Each of these correlations reached the level of significance at the 5％ level.Conclusion Cognitive profile and attention properties analysis reveal that children with different subtypes of ADHD have distinct weakness in intelligence structure.The understanding of relationship between intelligence structure and attention properties in children with subtypes of ADHD is useful for ADHD diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To explore the behavior and initial sandtray characters of the children with oppositional defiant disorders (ODD) in order to provide psychological and behavioral intervention as early as possible.Methods The differences of the Conners parent symptom questionnaire (PSQ) and initial sandtrays between 24 children with ODD and 24 normal children were compared.Results PSQ indicated that children with ODD had higher scores of conduct proble((1.31 ± 0.53),(0.36 ± 0.31)),learning problem ((2.01 ± 0.66),(0.57 ±0.5)),hyperactivity-impulsion ((1.60 ± 0.77),(0.35 ± 0.41)),anxiety ((0.60 ± 0.50),(0.27 ± 0.25)) and hyperactivity index((1.12 ± 0.31),(0.78 ± 0.28)) than normal children.On the use of toys,the experimental group was significantly higher in armament and transports and lower in plants and stones(P＜0.05).On the theme of sandtrays,the ODD group was significantly higher in disorder,neglect,injury,threat and lower in integration and energy (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The results show that the children with ODD have more anxiety experience than normal children and this may be associated with oppositional conduct.Children with ODD use more aggressive toys and wounded themes,revealing their attack and conflict.Psychological intervention can be provided according to the characters of behavior scale and initial sandtray.

Objective To investigate the effect of neurofeedback training for tics symptoms and electroencephalogram (EEG) spectrum change in children with tic disorder.Methods 19 patients with transient tic disorder (TTD),20 with chronic motor or vocal tic disorder (CTD) and 15 with Tourette' s disorder (TS) received 40 sessions of neurofeedback training.The clinical effect was evaluated with Yale Global Tic Severity Scale,and brain activity improvement with EEG theta/beta,theta / sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) power ratio.Results The patients with three types of tic disorder all showed a reduction of tics symptoms (TTD:10.32 ± 0.82 vs.5.91 ± 5.74;CTD:12.35 ±1.50 vs.4.00 ±2.22; TS:25.33 ±2.80 vs.13.73 ±4.22; P＜0.01).Additionally,the patients showed theta decreasing and SMR enhancing after the sessions.The ratio of theta/beta (TTD:2.52 ±0.38 vs.2.33 ±0.32;CTD:2.43 ±0.39 vs.2.21 ±0.30; TS:2.64 ±0.35 vs.2.39 ±0.26) and theta/SMR was significantly lower than before treatment (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Neurofeedback training is an effective and valuable treatment in tic disorder especially in the patients with transient tic disorder and mild chronic motor or vocal tic disorder.

Objective To investigate the risk factors which indicate behavior problems and degree of conflict function defects in different subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder( ADHD),and to compare behavioral problems,family environment and conflict function in children with and without ADHD.Methods 87children with ADHD and 38 matched controls performed Simon-Stroop task while questionnaires (Parent Symptom Questionnaire and Family environment Scale)were acquired from their parents.Results Questionnaire indicated that children with ADHD-combined(ADHD-C) had the highest score of conduct problem( 1.05 ± 0.44),learning problem ( 1.97 ± 0.52 ),hyperactivity-impulsion ( 1.56 ± 0.60) and hyperactivity index ( 1.45 ± 0.40 ) than ADHDⅠ(0.65±0.32,1.58 ±0.58,1.06 ±0.46,1.01 ±0.31) and matched controls ( 0.42 ±0.24,0.77 ±0.49,0.58±0.40,0.55 ±0.34) in PSQ.ADHD-Ⅰ and ADHD-C had higher score of contradiction(3.28 ± 1.70,4.61 ±2.56 ) and lower score of family cohesion (6.75 ± 2.27,6.61 ± 2.03 ),emotional expression (5.03 ± 1.54,5.06 ±1.91 ),knowledge (3.83 ± 2.30,3.61 ± 1.81 ) and entertainment (3.70 ± 2.12,3.47 ± 2.32 ) than matched controls (2.36 ± 1.44,8.06 ± 1.71,6.03 ± 1.54,4.86 ± 1.91,4.83 ± 2.29) in FES-CV.Behavior data indicated that the correct rate of children with ADHD-Ⅰ and ADHD-C in Simon-incongruent trials( Siin:0.76 ± 0.13,0.69 ±0.13 ) and Stroop-inconsistent trials( Stin:0.82 ± 0.10,0.78 ± 0.08 )were lower and reaction time of children with ADHD-Ⅰ and ADHD-C in the Siin ( (876.4 ± 97.34) ms,( 893.8 ± 130.1 ) ms) and Stin ( ( 864.4 ± 91.82 ) ms,(860.2 ± 125.0) ms) were longer than matched controls ( (Siin (0.81 ± 0.11 ) ms,(810.4 ± 136.1 ) ms; Stin (0.87 ± 0.08 ) ms,(797.4 ± 136.1 ) ms).Pearson correlation analysis suggested that some factors in the FES-CV had correlation with behavioral problems.Conclusion This finding indicates that poor family environment is the risk factor that indicate behavioral problems in children with ADHD and behavioral problems,conflict function defeet of ADHD-C are more serious than ADHD-Ⅰ and matched controls.