Anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECA) are heterogeneous autoimmune antibodies, which target at a group of antigens expressed in endothelial cells. In 1971, AECA was reported by Lindquist and Osterland for the first time. Since then, an increasing number of researches have showed that AECA exists and plays potential pathogenic role in the immune or inlfammation-related diseases, especially in systemic vasculitis. AECA may be a useful sera marker for the diagnosis and prognosis judgment of related autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on the relationship between AECA and systemic vasculitis.

Microglia can be activated immediately after acute cerebral ischemia and play a role of double-edged sword of nerve repair and neurotoxicity.Studies in recent years have suggested that this dual role of microglia can be achieved by a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signal transduction pathway.Therefore,reasonable regulation of TLR2 expression of microglia may improve the therapeutic effect of cerebral ischemia to a certain extent.This article reviews the mechanisms of TLR2 in cerebral ischemia and the possible interventions.

Although hemopoietic stem cell transplant have been used in treating malignant diseases of hematological system using high-dose chemotherapy and radiotherapy before transplant or non-transplant is very important. When the dose of chemotherapy and radiotherapy exceeds the ability the tissues can bear, normal tissue can be badly damaged, which limits the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Treatments of hematological malignancies are expected to achieve the best therapeutic efficacy and the least damage of normal cells and tissues. Amifostine is an inorganic thiophosphate eytoprotective agent,its chemname is S-2(3-aminopropyl) amino dihydrogen phosphate.h is a prodrug whose active constitutent is free thiol,it can clears free radicals produced from cytotoxic drugs and radiotherapy in tissues exposed to them. It is a broad-spectrum cytoprotective agent which can protect multifarious normal tissues against damage of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Using amifostine in proconditioning of hemopoietic stem cell transplant can lessen hematological and renal toxicity, it can also lessen renal toxicity produced by chemotherapeutics as platinum,cyclophosphamide and vincristine. The main purpose of this review is to discuss the cytoprotection of amifostine in hematological malignancies.

In recent years,researchers have carried out a lot of studies about endogenous and exogenous protective mechanisms of ischemic brain injury and have found that cerebral ischemia can stimulate cell proliferation and neurogenesis.This article reviews the cerebral ischemia induced neural stem cell proliferation,the protection mechanisms of directional migration and differentiation,as well as the promoting effects of the application of exogenous factors on neurogenesis after ischemia.

This report indroduces the characterization of tetrodotoxin (TTX),and its pharmacological and clinical actions.

Objective:To explore dynamic change of heart rate variability (HRV) before and after circumferential pulmonary vein ablation (CPVA ) in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) and its relationship with postoperative recur‐rence .Methods:A total of 108 PAF patients undergoing left atrial circumferential pulmonary vein electrically isolated ra‐diofrequency ablation were selected .According to 12‐lead DCG on 3d and three months after operation ,patients were di‐vided into early recurrence group (n=10) ,late recurrence group (n=21) and no recurrence group (n=77) .HRV changes were followed up and compared among all groups .Results:Compared with before ablation ,on 3d after ablation ,there were significant reductions in standard deviation of normal to normal RR intervals calculated over the 24 h period (SDNN) , standard deviation of normal to normal RR intervals in all 5 min segments of the entire recording (SDANN) ,root‐mean square of differences betweensuccessive normal to normal intervals (rMSSD) ,low frequency (LF) ,high frequency (HF) in no recurrence group ;significant rise in mean heart rate ,and significant reductions in SDNN ,LF and LF/HF in early recur‐rence group ( P< 0.05 or <0.01);compared with no recurrence group ,there were significant rise in mean heart rate [(69.3 ± 11.2) beats/min vs .(75.4 ± 14.0) beats/min] ,SDANN[(66.9 ± 25.7)ms vs .(137.5 ± 92.3)ms] ,rMSSD [(22.1 ± 10.6)ms vs .(46.2 ± 19.2)ms] ,LF [(233.1 ± 31.4)ms vs .(251.7 ± 17.3)]and HF[(228.0 ± 82.4) ms2 vs . (508.0 ± 13.5) ms2 ] ,and significant reduction in LF/HF[(1.13 ± 0.53) ms2 vs .(0.41 ± 0.13) ms2 ]in early recurrence group (P<0.05 or < 0.01);significant rise in rMSSD [(23.9 ± 11.10) ms2 vs .(52.0 ± 28.7) ms2 ]and HF[(344.4 ± 103.2) ms2 vs .(482.1 ± 100.6) ms2 ] ,and significant reduction in LF/HF[(1.16 ± 0.41) vs .(0.85 ± 0.43)]in late recur‐rence group , P<0. 05 or <0. 01. Conclusion:Vagal tone reduction may reduce recurrence after CPVA in PAF patients .

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy ofToutongning Formula in the treatment of migraine. Methods Totally 100 cases of migraine patients (wind disturbance, blood stasis syndrome) were randomly divided into two groups. Patients in the experimental group were treated withToutongning Formula orally, and patients in the control group were treated with flunarizine capsules 5 mg orally, for 30 d. The scores of number, degree, duration and accompanying symptoms of episodes before and after treatment were observed, the total scores were calculated, and adverse reactions were recorded, to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety.Results Clinical total efficiency was 92.0% (46/50) in experimental group and 64.0% (32/50) in the control group; the incidence rate of adverse reactions was 20.0% (10/50) in experimental group and 80.0% (40/50) in the control group; there was statistical significant differences in efficacy and adverse reactions between the two groups (P<0.05). After the treatment, the differences in the scores of number, degree, duration and accompanying symptoms of episodes, and in the total scores between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was statistical significance in the different value of above indexes before and after treatment between the two groups (P<0.05).ConclusionToutongning Formula can not only improve symptoms significantly in patients with migraine (wind disturbance, blood stasis syndrome), but also reduce adverse reactions, with more safety and efficacy than flunarizine capsules.

Objective To investigate the causes of hearing loss for people over 60 years old. Methods People more than 60 years old in 14 provinces, 22 districts were investigated with a self-designed questionnaire, and a hearing test was also done for every subject. Results Among all the subjects, the etiological factors of hearing loss were otitis media (10.5%), hereditary deafness (2.9%), noise-induced hearing loss (3%), ototoxic deafness (6.4%), traumatic deafness (2%), presbycusis (33.8%), sudden deafness (1%) and other reasons (36.2%), respec-tively, with 11.3%unknown. Conclusion Presbycusis is the main reason of hearing loss for old people, and otitis media is the second. The cause of hearing loss is different with ages, districts, and whether in rural areas.

Objective To determine whether or not capsazepine(CPZ),a transient receptor po-tential vanilloid-1(TRPV1)antagonist,attenuates lidocaine-induced cytotoxicity on rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG)neurons in vitro.Methods Adequate DRG neurons from 3-day neonatal Wistar rats were obtained,cultured and purified in vitro.To achieve higher cell viability,we reduced the concen-tration of trypsin to 0.125% compared with others.The purified DRG neurons were incubated with 0,2.5,5,10,20 and 40 mmol/L lidocaine for 10 min,respectively,their viabilities were examined using Cell Counting Kit(CCK-8)assay,and the lethal concentration 50(LC50 )of lidocaine on DRG neurons was calculated.Then,the variation of lidocaine-induced cell viability at LC50 ,when 0,1,10 and 100 μmol/L CPZ were respectively added to the incubations,was examined with CCK-8 assay. Results The purified percentage of DRG neurons was as high as 91% after digesting by 0.125%trypsin and purifying in vitro.Cell viability of DRG neurons in group L1,L2,L3,L4,L5 was signifi-cantly down regulated compared with the control group,to be specific,that of L3,L4,L5 being re-markably lower than that of L1,that of L4,L5 lower than that of L2 and that of L5 lower than that L3 and L4.After lidocaine induced DRG neurons for 10 min,LC50 was 30 mmol/L;10 μmol/L and 100 μmol/L CPZ significantly reduced LC50 DRG neuron toxicity induced by lidocaine (P <0.05). The effect of 10 μmol/L CPZ had reached the maximal effect,decreasing the cell viability decrease from 50% to 35%.Conclusion The novel method in this experiment is effective to obtain good DRG neurons,the LC50 of lidocaine on rat DRG neurons is 30 mmol/L,and CPZ attenuates the cytotoxicity induced by lidocaine on rat DRG neurons.