Objective:To assess whether intrathecal orphanin FQ can develop the antinociceptive effect tolerance,and whether there is a cross tolerance between the antinociceptive effect of intrathecal orphanin FQ and the ? opioid receptor agonist morphine.Methods: Tail flick test was used to observe the change of antinociceptive effect after orphanin FQ/morphine intrathecal microinjection into the rats tolerant to acute or chronic morphine/orphanin FQ.Results:Like morphine,large dosage of continuous intrathecal orphanin FQ microinjection produced tolerance to the antinociceptive effect,but there was no apparent cross tolerance between the orphanin FQ and morphine; Hyperalgesic response was found in morphine tolerant rats,but not in orphanin FQ tolerant rats.Conclusion:Lack of cross tolerance between the antinociceptive effect of intrathecal orphanin FQ and morphine indicates that the mechanism of tolerance to orphanin FQ may differ from that to morphine; The antinociceptive effect of intrathecal orphanin FQ may be largely related with its specific receptor in the spinal cord.

Objective To investigate the different changes in the regulation and gene expression of mu opioid receptor (MOR) in rat brain after acute and chronic morphine dependence.Methods Forty male SD rats weighing (210?35)g were randomly divided into five equal groups of eight animals each: (1) control; (2) acute dependence: (3) chronic dependence;(4) acute abstinence; (5) chronic abstinence. In acute dependence group rats received eight consecutive subcutaneous injection of morphine 5mg?kg-1 at 2h interval. In chronic dependence group morphine was injected subcutaneously three times a day(8:00, 15: 00, 22:00) for six days. The doses of morphine were 5, 10, 20, 40, 50, 60 mg? kg-1?day-1 from the 1st day to the 6th day respectively. In the two abstinence groups, the withdrawal syndromes were induced by intraperitoneal naloxone 5 mg ? kg-1. The rats in control group received saline. 30 min after the end of all procedures the animals were decapitated on ice. Brain was removed immediately and kept in liquid nitrogen. The Bmax and Kd values of 3H-DAMGO saturation binding to MOR were measured by Scatchard analysis. The gene expression of MOR was appraised by RT-PCR. Results (1) In the acute dependence group the Bmax value(the specific binding capacity of MOR) significantly increased and the affinity decreased. After abstinence the Bmax value returned to normal, but the affinity was still low. In chronic dependence and abstinence groups Bmax value decreased significantly and there was no change in Kd value. (2) The level of MOR mRNA increased significantly in acute dependence group and returned rapidly to normal after abstinence . In chronic dependence and abstinence groups the transcription of MOR was significantly lower than in control group. Conclusions The modulation of MOR in rat brain is different between acute and chronic dependence and there must be similar post-receptor mechnism involved.

With the understanding of autoimmune encephalitis many novel types of autoimmune encephalitis and related antibodies have been identified. There are some cases of autoimmune encephalitis with autoantibody overlapping syndromes or phenotype overlapping syndromes, which bring challenges to diagnosis and treatment in practice. The relevant literature was reviewed and the clinical characteristics, pathological mechanism and treatment of overlapping syndromes associated with autoimmune encephalitis were summarized, in order to provide a reference for the management of autoimmune encephalitis with overlapping syndromes.

Objective Retrospective analysis of experience of distal upper limb autologous arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis access and treatment of arteriovenous fistula occlusion was conducted.Methods To summarize the clinical data of 214 cases of initial autologous arteriovenous fistula and 22 cases of treatment of arteriovenous fistula occlusion were carried out from Aug.2007 to Mar.2011,comparing the success rate and long-term patency rate.Results Two hundred and fourteen cases of initial autologous arteriovenous fistula,in which 168 cases were cephalic vein-radial artery side-to-side anastomosis at snuffbox,46 cases were cephalic vein-radial artery end-toside anastomosis at proximal wrist,the success cases were 203 (94.8％),the failed cases were 11 (5.2％),limb edema in 82 cases and there was no steal syndrome and heart failure.The primary patency rate was 95.2％ at 1 year and 91.3％ at 2 years.There were 22 patients accepted treatment of arteriovenous fistula occlusion,in which,8 cases were embolectomy due to acute occlusion,8 cases were thrombectomy and balloon dilation because of anastomotic stricture and thrombosis and 1 failed,5 cases were proximal anastomosis again after chronic occlusion.Conclusions Autologous arteriovenous fistula of the distal upper limb,especially from the place of snuffbox which is the preferred method for autologous arteriovenous fistula.And deal with arteriovenous fistula occlusion actively can often extend the usage time of the autologous blood vessels and improve the life quality of patients.

Objective To explore the time course of response inhibition function in juvenile delin-quents with antisocial personality characteristics.Methods The healthy control group ( n=21),juvenile delinquents with antisocial personality characteristics ( CD +AP ) ( n=18) and juvenile delinquents ( CD) ( n=18) were selected in current study by recording the event-related potentials in a Go/Nogo task.N2 and P3 components of event-related potentials were analyzed.Results Behavioral results showed that Nogo cor-rection rate of control group ((93.13±2.71)%) were significantly higher than CD group ((87.51±2.82)%, P<0.01) and CD +AP group((85.63±2.45)%, P<0.01).In CD+AP group,the amplitude of the N2nogo ( (-1.82±1.64)μV) was significantly lower than control group ( (-6.36±2.93)μV, P<0.01) ,and the am-plitude of the P3nogo ((5.52±2.79)μV) was significantly decreased than healthy control ((11.26±4.92)μV, P<0.01).In CD group,the amplitude of P3nogo ((5.20±3.17)μV) was significantly reduced than healthy control ((11.26±4.92)μV, P<0.01).Conclusion N2nogo and N2d are associated with the early phases of response inhibition and reflected response conflict.P3nogo and P3d are associated with the late phases of response inhibition and monitored inhibitory control.These data suggest that CD+AP participants exhibited im-paired response conflict and inhibitory control.This may be associated with persistent antisocial behavior.

Objective:To observe the development of tolerance and dependence to endomorphin 1(EM 1) and its regulation on ? opioid receptor(MOR) in rat brain,providing references for the mechanism of the EM 1 dependence. Methods: Totally 60 SD rats were randomly divided into saline, acute EM 1 treatment and chronic EM 1 treatment groups. For acute EM 1 treatment, rats were injected intracerebroventricularly with 10 ?g/kg EM 1 30 min prior to sacrifice. The chronic group were treated with EM 1 daily administration at 8:00 and 15:00 starting with 10 ?g/kg on day 1 to 50 ?g/kg on day 9. After chronic EM 1 treatment on day 1, 3, 6 and 9, the antinociceptive AD 50 or catatonic ED 50 values were determined by modified Dixon's method. The B max and K d values of 3H DAMGO saturation binding to MOR were measured by Scatchard analysis. The gene expression of MOR was appraised by RT PCR. Results:(1) EM 1 chronic treatment produced a high degree of tolerance to the antinociceptic and catatonic effects on the 3rd day (3.1 fold and 1.9 fold) and the 9th day (28.4 fold and 8.5 fold). The jumping times, weight lost and withdrawal score of rats were significantly higher than that of the control group after 9 d chronic EM 1 treatment. (2) After 9 d of administration with EM 1, the specific binding capacity and mRNA expression of MOR in rat cortex, midbrain and striatum were all decreased compared with those of the control and acute treatment groups, but the K d values were not significantly altered. Conclusion:Endomorphin 1 has the tolerant and dependent potent. For long term chronic treatment, Endomorphin 1 induces downregulation of the binding capacity and mRNA of MOR, which may be related to the dependence development.

Objective To study the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on the development of offspring's brains by building a murine model. Methods We weighted the body weight and brain weight of offspring on P10 from COC and SAL groups and observed the development of neuron and astrocyte in cerebral cortex by toluidine blue staining and immunohistochemistry. Results The brain weight and body weight from COC were both reduced on P10 compared with SAL group.We discovered prenatal cocaine exposure induced polarity disorder and dysplasia of neuron in cerebral cortex;the number of the astrocytes in corpus callosum and hippocampus regions decreased.Conclusion\ Pregnatal cocaine exposure can result in abnormal development of cerebral cortex of offsprings which may play an important role on cocaine induced abnormal behavior.\;[

Objective To investigate expression of glutathione S-transferase(GST) mRNA in peripheral blood of the population in coal-burning fluorosis area and to evaluate the effect of comprehensive control intervention. Methods Fifty samples of peripheral blood from patients in the coal-buring fluorosis area in Bijie county of Guizhou province were selected as fluorasis group and 50 samples of peripheral blood from patients in area with comprehensive management were selected as intervention group, respectively. Fifty samples from non-endemic fluorosis area were selected as the control group. Total RNA from blood was extracted and purified by the Trizol- Phenol-Chloroform one-step method. Expression of GST mRNA was detected by using SYBR Green I real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Results The data of GST mRNA in fluorosis group, intervention group and control group was 38.28±27.22,70.56±37.23 and 103.46 ± 46.62, respectively. There was a significant difference between the groups(F = 3.75, P < 0.05). Decreased expression of GST mRNA in fluorosis group and intervention group as compare to control was detected(all P < 0.05), and the expression of GST mRNA in intervention group was higher than that in fluorosis group(P < 0.05). Conclusion Coal-burning fluorosis possibly led to the decreased expression of GST mRNA in peripheral blood, and comprehensive control maybe prevent the decreased expression of GST in mRNA level.

Objective To investigate the possible mechanism of endonuclease G (Endo G)-mediated non-Caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway in brain neuronal apoptosis in chronic fluorosis rats.Methods Sixty Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (half male and half female) were randomly divided into two groups:control group fed with tap water with fluoride content ＜ 0.5 mg/L and fluorine group in which sodium fluoride was added into drinking water with fluoride content of 50.0 mg/L.Both groups were fed with standard food with fluorine content ＜ 0.5 mg/kg.The experiment period was 10 months.At the end of the experiment,all the animals were sacrificed,and brain tissue was taken.Flow cytometry was used to examine apoptosis rate,immune-histochemistry was employed to detect the distribution of Endo G in brain tissue;Western blotting was used to test the protein expression of Endo G.Results Compared to the apoptosis rate of control group [(1.3 ± 0.6)％,(1.9 ± 0.3)％],the apoptosis rate in hippocampus and cortex of rats with chronic fluorosis [(2.6 ± 0.6)％,(3.1-± 0.7)％] was significantly increased (t =3.1,3.4,all P ＜ 0.05).The Endo G positive neurons and their degree of staining in CA1,CA2,CA3 and CA4 of hippocampus,frontal cortex as well as the upper layer of parietal cortex [(11.1 ± 2.2),(10.2 ± 1.9),(9.8 ± 3.1),(9.9 ± 1.6),(10.6 ± 2.9),(8.2 ± 2.4),(11.1 ± 2.8) scores] in rats with chronic fluorosis were significantly higher than those in the control group [(5.8 ± 1.8),(6.7 ± 2.6),(5.2 ± 2.4),(7.2 ± 2.1),(7.7 ± 2.6),(6.1 ± 1.9),(8.1 ± 2.6) scores,t =2.9,2.5,2.4,2.3,2.2,2.5,2.3,P ＜ 0.01 or ＜ 0.05].The protein level of Endo G in the mitochondria of rat brains with chronic fluorosis [(86.4 ± 7.2)％,(83.9 ± 6.8)％] was significantly lower than that of control group [(100.0 ± 6.1)％,(100.0 ± 5.5)％,t =2.6,2.3,all P ＜ 0.05].Meanwhile,the protein level of Endo G in the nucleus of neurons from chronic fluorosis rats [(117.5 ± 6.4)％,(115.2 ± 6.2)％] was significantly higher than that of the control [(100.0 ± 5.2)％,(100.0 ± 5.5)％,t =2.5,2.2,all P ＜ 0.05].Conclusion The high expression of Endo G and nuclear transfer are related to the neuron apoptosis in chronic fluorosis rat,which may be one of the mechanisms of brain injury of the disease.

Objective The anti-UV-B radiation mechanism of UV-B tolerance strain KFS-9 was studied from the profile of metabolites.Methods The compounds were separated by column chromatography and their structures were elucidated based on GC-MS,LC-TOF-MS,EI-MS and NMR analyses.Results Three unsaturated fatty acids(identified as 9-hexadecenoic acid,9,12-octadecadienoic acid and 11-octadecenoic acid) and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid able to absorb ultraviolet were isolated from the petroleum ether extract of the fermentation liquid of Pantoea agglomerans KFS-9.Fraction(Ⅱ) was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract and was composed of 2,3-butanediol and a series of high unsaturated aroma compounds.Fraction(Ⅱ) had a wide absorption peak,and it could protect E.coli from UV-B damage in some sense.Conclusion Strain KFS-9 produced metabolites that were able to absorb UV to build a natural barrier and so improved the tolerance to UV radiation.The UV-B radiation protection test to the E.coli also showed fraction(Ⅱ) was not the only protector,and there definitely existedother materials and mechanism to protect the strain.