Pharmaceutical quality, management are important targets to integrate in international pharmaceutical market, raising field's prestige. The authors showed that must review and control several factors in imported and exported records of the products, such as GMP condition of supplier, TSE. Learning about inspected experiences of famous special organizations. Preparing to enhance Vietnam's GMP. To advance pharmaceutical exported program to foreign country
Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Pharmaceutical Preparations

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the effect of glass fiber pre-impregnated with light-curing resin on the fracture strength and fracture modes of a maxillary complete denture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Maxillary acrylic resin complete dentures reinforced with glass fiber pre-impregnated with light-curing resin (SES MESH, INNO Dental Co., Yeoncheon-gun, Korea) and without reinforcement were tested. The reinforcing material was embedded in the denture base resin and placed different regions (Control, without reinforcement; Group A, center of anterior ridge; Group B, rugae area; Group C, center of palate; Group D, full coverage of denture base). The fracture strength and fracture modes of a maxillary complete denture were tested using Instron test machine (Instron Co., Canton, MA, USA) at a 5.0 mm/min crosshead speed. The flexure load was applied to center of denture with a 20 mm diameter ball attachment. When fracture occurred, the fracture mode was classified based on fracture lines. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA at the significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: There were non-significant differences (P>.05) in the fracture strength among test groups. Group A showed anteroposterior fracture and posterior fracture mainly, group B, C and control group showed partial fracture on center area mostly. Most specimen of group D showed posterior fracture. CONCLUSION: The location and presence of the fiber reinforcement did not affect the fracture strength of maxillary complete denture. However, reinforcing acrylic resin denture with glass fiber has a tendency to suppress the crack.
Denture Bases ; Denture, Complete ; Dentures ; Glass ; Reinforcement (Psychology)

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the flexural strength of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and bis-acryl composite resin reinforced with polyethylene and glass fibers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three groups of rectangular test specimens (n = 15) of each of the two resin/fiber reinforcement were prepared for flexural strength test and unreinforced group served as the control. Specimens were loaded in a universal testing machine until fracture. The mean flexural strengths (MPa) was compared by one way ANOVA test, followed by Scheffe analysis, using a significance level of 0.05. Flexural strength between fiber-reinforced resin groups were compared by independent samples t-test. RESULTS: For control groups, the flexural strength for PMMA (215.53 MPa) was significantly lower than for bis-acryl composite resin (240.09 MPa). Glass fiber reinforcement produced significantly higher flexural strength for both PMMA (267.01 MPa) and bis-acryl composite resin (305.65 MPa), but the polyethylene fibers showed no significant difference (PMMA resin-218.55 MPa and bis-acryl composite resin-241.66 MPa). Among the reinforced groups, silane impregnated glass fibers showed highest flexural strength for bis-acryl composite resin (305.65 MPa). CONCLUSION: Of two fiber reinforcement methods evaluated, glass fiber reinforcement for the PMMA resin and bis-acryl composite resin materials produced highest flexural strength. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: On the basis of this in-vitro study, the use of glass and polyethylene fibers may be an effective way to reinforce provisional restorative resins. When esthetics and space are of concern, glass fiber seems to be the most appropriate method for reinforcing provisional restorative resins.
Collodion ; Esthetics ; Glass ; Polyethylene ; Polymethyl Methacrylate ; Reinforcement (Psychology)

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the flexural strength of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and bis-acryl composite resin reinforced with polyethylene and glass fibers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three groups of rectangular test specimens (n = 15) of each of the two resin/fiber reinforcement were prepared for flexural strength test and unreinforced group served as the control. Specimens were loaded in a universal testing machine until fracture. The mean flexural strengths (MPa) was compared by one way ANOVA test, followed by Scheffe analysis, using a significance level of 0.05. Flexural strength between fiber-reinforced resin groups were compared by independent samples t-test. RESULTS: For control groups, the flexural strength for PMMA (215.53 MPa) was significantly lower than for bis-acryl composite resin (240.09 MPa). Glass fiber reinforcement produced significantly higher flexural strength for both PMMA (267.01 MPa) and bis-acryl composite resin (305.65 MPa), but the polyethylene fibers showed no significant difference (PMMA resin-218.55 MPa and bis-acryl composite resin-241.66 MPa). Among the reinforced groups, silane impregnated glass fibers showed highest flexural strength for bis-acryl composite resin (305.65 MPa). CONCLUSION: Of two fiber reinforcement methods evaluated, glass fiber reinforcement for the PMMA resin and bis-acryl composite resin materials produced highest flexural strength. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: On the basis of this in-vitro study, the use of glass and polyethylene fibers may be an effective way to reinforce provisional restorative resins. When esthetics and space are of concern, glass fiber seems to be the most appropriate method for reinforcing provisional restorative resins.
Collodion ; Esthetics ; Glass ; Polyethylene ; Polymethyl Methacrylate ; Reinforcement (Psychology)

Recently, the incidence of revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) has increased following primary THA. Bone stock deficiency presents the major challenge in acetabular reconstruction during revision hip arthroplasty. The reasons for such acetabular defects include osteolysis, bone resportion following cup loosening, iatrogenic damage resulting from cup or cement removal during revision THA, and cup migration. The pre-operative assessment of acetabular bone stock, including the amount and location of pelvic osteolysis before revision surgery, is a critical preoperative preparation for the treatment of bone deficiency. In cases with mild acetabular defects, a variety of surgical options are available for treating. However, in cases with severe segmental, cavitary, or combined acetabular defects, controversies have existed so far about the most optimal treatment. Thereby, we tend to introduce the most commonly-adopted classification system of acetabular defects and management options using high hip center cups, oblong cups, structural allografts, morselized allografts with bipolar cups, morselized allografts with cementless cups, morselized allografts with acetabular reinforcement devices, and revisions with trabecular metal augmentations.
Arthroplasty ; Hip ; Incidence ; Osteolysis ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Tacrine ; Transplantation, Homologous

OBJECTIVES: This study is designed to evaluate the fusion rate of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) using prefilled cage, and clinical features in patients with traumatic cervical injury. METHODS: Sixteen trauma patients at a single institute who underwent ACDF with prefilled cage and rigid plate fixation were evaluated for radiographic fusion status postoperatively every 1 month, 3 month, and 6 month after the surgery. ACDFs were done in 9 patients at one level, 3 patients at two levels, 3 patients at three levels, and 1 patient at four levels. Fourteen patients had fracture and instability, and 2 patients had traumatic herniated cervical discs without fracture and instability. Plain radiographs and CT scan were done for evaluation of bone fusion in all patients. RESULTS: Bone fusion was recognized in all patients. Intervertebral disc height was well maintained during follow-up period. There was no patient with graft failure and instability. Even though the patients with fracture and instability, there was no patient who needed posterior stabilization. There was one case of subsidence without clinical symptom which was needed additional surgical treatment. CONCLUSION: In the treatment of the patients with traumatic cervical diseases, prefilled cage is very effective to achieve cervical spinal stability after ACDF, and to maintain intervertebral disc height. We can achieve immediate postoperative stability and prevent graft displacement by reinforcement with cervical plate and screws.
Diskectomy ; Displacement (Psychology) ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Transplants

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the marginal fitness and fracture load of the zirconia copings according to the design with different thickness and coloration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The evaluation was based on 80 zirconia copings. Zirconia copings were fabricated in design with different thicknesses using CAD/CAM system (Everset, KAVO dental GmbH, Biberach, Germany). The designs of copings were divided into four groups. The first group consisted of copings with uniform thickness of 0.3 mm. The thickness in the second group was 0.3 mm on the buccal surface and 0.6 mm on the lingual surface. The third group consisted of coping with uniform thickness of 0.6 mm. The thickness in the fourth group was 0.6 mm on the buccal surface and 1mm on the lingual surface. Each group consisted of 10 colored and 10 uncolored copings. Half of the copings (40) processed with a milling system according to the specific design were sent to be given a color (A3) through saturation in special dye by a manufacturing company. Just after sintering, the marginal discrepancies of copings were measured on the buccal, lingual, mesial and distal surfaces of metal die, under a Video Microscope System (sv-35, Sometech, Seoul, Korea) at a magnification of x100. It was remeasured after the adjusting of the inner surface. Next, all copings were luted to the metal dies using reinforced cement {GC FujiCEM (GC Corp. Tokyo, Japan)} and mounted on the testing jig in a Universal Testing Machine (Instron 4467, Norwood, MA, USA). The results were analyzed statistically using the one-way ANOVA test. RESULTS: The obtained results were as follow: 1. The measured value of marginal discrepancy right after sintering was the greatest in the contraction of the buccal area in all groups, except for group I2. 2. There was no significant difference of marginal fitness among the groups in the colored zirconia group (P<.05). 3. When the marginal fitness among the groups in the uncolored zirconia group was considered, group II2 had the smallest marginal discrepancy. 4. When the colored and uncolored groups with the same design were compared, there was a significant difference between I1 and II1 groups. In group 2, 3, and 4, the uncolored zirconia had the greatest marginal fitness (P<.05). 5. After adjustment of inner surface, there was no significant difference in the marginal fitness in all groups when color and design of the zirconia coping were compared. 6. The fracture load of CAD/CAM zirconia copings showed significant difference in group 1, 2, 3, and 4. I4 and II4 had the strongest fracture load. 7. When groups with different color and same design were compared, all colored groups showed greater fracture load (P>.05), with no significance. CONCLUSION: There was difference in the marginal fitness according to the design and coloration of zirconia copings right after sintering, but it was decided that the copings may well be used clinically if the inner surface are adjusted. The copings should be thick enough for the reinforcement of fracture strength. But considering the esthetics of the visible surfaces (labial and buccal surface), the thickness of copings may be a little thin, without giving any significant effect on the fracture strength. This type of design may be considered when giving priority to preservation of tooth or esthetics.
Ceramics ; Collodion ; Contracts ; Esthetics ; Glass Ionomer Cements ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Tokyo ; Tooth ; Zirconium

Due to recent upsurge in international marriages, the socio-cultural adaptation, the reinforcement of family stability, and the social integration support of marriage-based immigrant family have been the major social issues. This paper tries to show the current status of marriage-based immigrants and their children nation-wide. Specifically, it analyzes the statistical trends in international marriages, traits of marriage-based immigrants and their children, their attitudes towards child raising and education, and presents policy measures to enhance their life quality.
Child ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Emigration and Immigration ; Humans ; Infant ; Marriage ; Quality of Life ; Reinforcement (Psychology)

BACKGROUND: The ability to achieve a long-term, stricture-free urethral repair is one of the ongoing challenges of reconstructive urologic surgery. A successful initial repair is critical, as repeat procedures are difficult, owing to distortion, scarring, and short urethral stumps. METHODS: We describe a technique in which the gracilis muscle flap is laid on or wrapped around the urethral repair site to provide a well-vascularised soft tissue reinforcement for urethral repair. This technique promotes vascular induction, whereby a new blood supply is introduced to the repair site to improve the outcome of urethral repair or anastomotic urethroplasty. The surface contact between the muscle flap and the repair site is enhanced by the use of fibrin glue to improve adherence and promote inosculation and healing. We employed this technique in 4 patients with different urethral defects. RESULTS: After a follow-up period of 32 to 108 months, all of the urethral repairs were successful without complications. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the use of a gracilis muscle flap to vascularise urethral repairs can improve the outcome of challenging urethral repairs.
Cicatrix ; Fibrin Tissue Adhesive ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Muscles ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Surgical Flaps ; Urethra

It was reported that esthetic composite resin restoration reinforces the strength of remaining tooth structure with preserving the natural tooth structure. However, it is unknown how much the strength would be recovered. The purpose of this study was to compare the fracture resistance of three types of undermined cavity filled with composite resin with that of non-cavitated natural tooth. Forty sound upper molars were allocated randomly into four groups of 10 teeth. After flattening occlusal enamel, undermined cavities were prepared in thirty teeth to make three types of specimens with various thickness of occlusal structure (Group 1 ~ 3). All the cavity have the 5 mm width mesiodistally and 7 mm depth bucco-lingually. Another natural 10 teeth (Group 4) were used as a control group. Teeth in group 1 have remaining occlusal structure about 1 mm thickness, which was composed of mainly enamel and small amount of dentin. In Group 2, remained thickness was about 1.5 mm, including 0.5 mm thickness dentin. In Group 3, thickness was about 2.0 mm, including 1 mm thickness dentin. Every effort was made to keep the remaining dentin thickness about 0.5 mm from the pulp space in cavitated groups. All the thickness was evaluated with radiographic Length Analyzer program. After acid etching with 37% phosphoric acid, one-bottle adhesive (Single Bond(TM), 3M/ESPE, USA) was applied following the manufacturer's recommendation and cavities were incrementally filled with hybrid composite resin (Filtek Z-250(TM), 3M/ESPE, USA). Teeth were stored in distilled water for one day at room temperature, after then, they were finished and polished with Sof-Lex system. All specimens were embedded in acrylic resin and static load was applied to the specimens with a 3 mm diameter stainless steel rod in an Universal testing machine and cross-head speed was 1 mm/min. Maximum load in case of fracture was recorded for each specimen. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a Tukey test at the 95% confidence level. The results were as follows: 1. Fracture resistance of the undermined cavity filled with composite resin was about 75% of the natural tooth. 2. No significant difference in fracture loads of composite resin restoration was found among the three types of cavitated groups. Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded the fracture resistance of the undermined cavity filled with composite resin was lower than that of natural teeth, however remaining tooth structure may be supported and saved by the reinforcement with adhesive restoration, even if that portion consists of mainly enamel and a little dentin structure.
Adhesives ; Chimera ; Collodion ; Dental Enamel ; Dentin ; Molar ; Phosphoric Acids ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Stainless Steel ; Tooth ; Water