Endometriosis is defined as the presence and growth of the glands and stroma of the lining of the uterus in an aberrant or heterotopic location. The cause of endometriosis is uncertain and involves many mechanisms including retrograde menstruation, vascular dissemination, metaplasia, immunologic, and hormonal influences to name a few. Primary umbilical endometriosis is a rare disorder defined as the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue within the umbilicus. It commonly presents with catamenial pain and bleeding from an umbilical nodule. It is a rare condition and treatment has not been standardized yet due to the limited number of cases. Surgical management is the treatment of choice to avoid local recurrence while hormone therapy may be used preoperatively for symptomatic relief. This paper reports a series of recently observed cases of primary umbilical endometriosis with main aim of discussing the different approaches in the management of this rare condition.

Human ; Female ; Adolescent: 13-18 Yrs Old ; Child: 6-12 Yrs Old ; Umbilicus ; Endometriosis

Endometrial polyp, being one of the most common causes of abnormal uterine bleeding, is formed from localized overgrowths of endometrial tissue brought about by increased estrogen levels. Sizes of polyps usually are less than 2cm, while those >4 cm are labeled as giant polyps. Such polyps can even occupy the entire endometrial cavity, making complete hysteroscopic removal difficult and prone to failure and morbidity. Limited literature regarding use of GnRH agonist in endometrial polyps are published, but given the idea that it induces a state of hypoestrogenism, it could be a promising approach for neoadjuvant treatment in such cases. In this paper, 3 cases of giant endometrial polyps with fertility problems were given GnRH agonists prior to resection. All cases have shown significant decrease in size of their polyps, making complete and successful hysteroscopic removal feasible.
Neoadjuvant Therapy ; Polyps