OBJECTIVETo assess the experimental and clinical data regarding the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on fracture non-union.

DATA SOURCESThe English language literature regarding EMFs on fracture non-union were searched using MEDLINE, Web of Science and Embase, for the period January 2006 to June 2011. The search terms were electromagnetic fields and non-union/bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs)/bone.

STUDY SELECTIONArticles were included in the review if they were related to the use of EMFs on BMSCs or bone tissue. Papers without full manuscripts available were excluded.

RESULTSThe basic and clinical research in this field, while somewhat limited, supports the insightful application of EMFs to ameliorate disability due to fracture non-union.

CONCLUSIONSFurther basic and clinical research to validate the use of EMFs in facilitating function and bone reparative processes in fracture non-union is required.

Animals ; Bone Regeneration ; physiology ; Electromagnetic Fields ; Humans

The main factors which affected the isolation, purification and cultivation of Pinellia cordata protoplasts from leaves were studied. The results indicated that the optimum enzyme solution for P. cordata leaves was 13% CPW + 1.0% Cellulose +0.1% Pectolase, at pH 6.0, temperature (25-28 degrees C ) for 4 h. The sucrose density gradient centrifugation was adopted to purificate the protoplasts collected, when 25% sucrose was used as mediator, centrifugating at 500 rpm for 10 min. When the protoplasts were shallow liquid and liquid-solid double layer cultured on the medium of MS + 0.5 mg x L(-1) 6-BA + 0.25 mg x L(-1) NAA + 13% mannitol at the density of 2.5 x 104 protoplasts/mL, or fed and nursed cultured at the density of 100-500 protoplasts/mL, cell division could be observed for 3 days; granular calli appeared for 30 days. Calli was proliferated on the medium of MS + 0.5 mg x L(-1) 6-BA + 0.25 mg x L(-1) NAA solidified by 0.55% agar, and differentiated and regenerated after 5-6 months. Plant generation of P. cordata is successfully established.
Cell Separation ; methods ; Culture Media ; Pinellia ; physiology ; Protoplasts ; physiology ; Regeneration

The repair of superficially damaged intestinal epithelium is initiated by restitution. Restitution is the covering of damaged area by the movement of neighboring epithelial cells without cell proliferation. Phenotypic switching of cells (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) is necessary for the cell movement and this process is controlled by complex intracellular signaling pathways conducting dynamic remodeling of actin cytoskeleton. Restitution is regulated by a variety of cytokines and growth factors, and is modulated by integrin-dependent interactions with the extracellular matrix. Understanding the restitution process suggests several possible therapeutic strategies to enhance gastrointestinal wound healing.
Cell Movement ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa/*physiology ; Regeneration/*physiology

The repair of superficially damaged intestinal epithelium is initiated by restitution. Restitution is the covering of damaged area by the movement of neighboring epithelial cells without cell proliferation. Phenotypic switching of cells (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) is necessary for the cell movement and this process is controlled by complex intracellular signaling pathways conducting dynamic remodeling of actin cytoskeleton. Restitution is regulated by a variety of cytokines and growth factors, and is modulated by integrin-dependent interactions with the extracellular matrix. Understanding the restitution process suggests several possible therapeutic strategies to enhance gastrointestinal wound healing.
Cell Movement ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa/*physiology ; Regeneration/*physiology

The intrinsic regrowth ability of injured neurons is essential for axon regeneration and functional recovery. Recently, numerous intrinsic pathways that regulate axon regeneration have been discovered, among which the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway are arguably the best characterized examples. MAPK signaling pathway is involved in multiple processes including sensing injury signals, initiating and promoting axonal regrowth through regulating cytoskeleton dynamics and protein synthesis. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway regulates axon regeneration mainly through gene transcription and translation. Combinatory manipulation of multiple regeneration-promoting signals can further improve the extend of axonal regrowth. This paper summarizes current progresses on axon regeneration studies in various organisms and discuss their potentials in promoting functional recovery .
Axons ; physiology ; Nerve Regeneration ; Neurons ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; Regeneration ; Signal Transduction

Artificial nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) are synthetic nerve grafts that are capable of providing the structural and nutritional support for nerve regeneration. The ideal NGCs have plenty of requirements on biocompatibility, mechanical strength, topological structure, and conductivity. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously improve the design of NGCs and establish a better therapeutic strategy for peripheral nerve injury in order to meet clinical needs. Although current NGCs have made certain process in the treatment of peripheral nerve injury, their nerve regeneration and functional outcomes on repairing long-distance nerve injury remain unsatisfactory. Herein, we review the nerve conduit design from four aspects, namely raw material selection, structural design, therapeutic factor loading and self-powered component integration. Moreover, we summarize the research progress of NGCs in the treatment of peripheral nerve injury, in order to facilitate the iterative updating and clinical transformation of NGCs.
Humans ; Peripheral Nerve Injuries/therapy* ; Guided Tissue Regeneration ; Nerve Regeneration/physiology* ; Sciatic Nerve

Amnion ; metabolism ; physiology ; Female ; Hepatectomy ; Humans ; Liver Regeneration ; physiology ; Pregnancy ; Wound Healing ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo study the callus induction and plant regeneration of Ixeridium sonchifolium.

METHODBy using the orthogonal experiment design, the medium for callus induction and plant regeneration was optimized.

RESULTThe optimal medium for callus induction was MS + 2, 4-D 1.5 mg x L(-1) +6-BA 1.5 mg x L(-1) +NAA 1.0 mg x L(-1) + IBA 1.5 mg x L(-1) + KT1.5 mg x L(-1), the optimal medium for inducing adventitious bud was MS +2, 4-D 0.2 mg x L(-1) +6-BA 0.5 mg x L(-1) + NAA 0.5 mg x L(-1) + IBA 0.5 mg x L(-1) + KT 0.5 mg x L(-1). Plantlets were rooted on 1/4MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of IBA, and high rooting and survival was achieved when the IBA concentration was 0.1 mg L(-1).

CONCLUSIONAn efficient system for plant regeneration of I. sonchifolium was established.

Asteraceae ; growth & development ; physiology ; Plants, Medicinal ; growth & development ; physiology ; Regeneration ; physiology ; Tissue Culture Techniques ; methods

OBJECTIVETo study the cause of the seeds dormancy of Glehnia littoralis in vitro and to establish plant regeneration methods via somatic embryos.

METHODThe effects of endosperm and exogenous hormone on the seed dormancy breaking of G. littoralis and the effect of hormone concentration on embryonic callus induction and plant regeneration via somatic embryos were observed,

RESULTSThe germination rate of the seeds with 1/3 endosperm was the highest which achieved 31%. TDZ, 6-BA and GA3 treatment could not break seed dormancy but easily lead to abnormal seedlings. Embryogenic callus induction rates was up to 57% on MS supplemented with 1.0 mg x L(-1) 2,4-D. After 20 days culture, embryogenic calli were transferred to MS medium and cotyledonary embryos were formed in 40 days. The regenerated plants were obtained in 20 days.

CONCLUSIONAn effective system of plant regeneration of G. littoralis was established in this study.

Apiaceae ; physiology ; Endangered Species ; Plant Somatic Embryogenesis Techniques ; Plants, Medicinal ; physiology ; Regeneration ; Seeds ; physiology

It has been well established that the recovery ability of central nervous system (CNS) is very poor in adult mammals. As a result, CNS trauma generally leads to severe and persistent functional deficits. Thus, the investigation in this field becomes a "hot spot". Up to date, accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that the failure of CNS neurons to regenerate is not due to their intrinsic inability to grow new axons, but due to their growth state and due to lack of a permissive growth environment. Therefore, any successful approaches to facilitate the regeneration of injured CNS axons will likely include multiple steps: keeping neurons alive in a certain growth-state, preventing the formation of a glial scar, overcoming inhibitory molecules present in the myelin debris, and giving direction to the growing axons. This brief review focused on the recent progress in the neuron regeneration of CNS in adult mammals.
Animals ; Axons ; physiology ; Central Nervous System Diseases ; complications ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Mammals ; physiology ; Nerve Regeneration ; physiology